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KATA PENGANTAR
Bismilahirrahmanirrahim
Assalamualaikum Wr.Wb
Puji dan syukur kita panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayahnya,sehhingga saya dapat menyelesaikan tugas mata kuliah Ilmu Alamiah Dasar, Salawat beserta salam semoga terlimpah kepada nabi besar Muhamad SAW.
Saya Ucapkan terima kasih kepada :
1. Dosen mata kuliah Ilmu alamiah dasar
2. Kedua orang tua yang selalu memberikan dukungan serta do’anya.
3. Teman-teman mahasiswa yang selalu mensuport kepda kelompok kami sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan tugas ini dengan baik.



Kelompok kami merasa dalam penulisan makalah ini banyak kekurangannya baik dari segi pembahasan ataupun dari penulisan yang tidak sempurna untuk itu saya mengharapkan kritik dan saran nya yang bersipat knstruktip kepada dosen mata kuliah ilmu alamiah dasar,Gna penyempurnaan pada penyusunan makalah yang berikutnya.besar harapan kami makalah ini dapat diterima oleh dosen dan dapat menjadi reperensi bagi teman-teman mahasiswa khususnya dan umumnya bagi seluruh lapisan masyarakat Indonesia.

Serang,27 Oktober 2009



KATA PENGANTAR
Bismilahirrahmanirrahim
Assalamualaikum Wr.Wb
Puji dan syukur kita panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayahnya,sehhingga saya dapat menyelesaikan tugas mata kuliah Ilmu Alamiah Dasar, Salawat beserta salam semoga terlimpah kepada nabi besar Muhamad SAW.
Saya Ucapkan terima kasih kepada :
1. Dosen mata kuliah Ilmu alamiah dasar
2. Kedua orang tua yang selalu memberikan dukungan serta do’anya.
3. Teman-teman mahasiswa yang selalu mensuport kepda kelompok kami sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan tugas ini dengan baik.



Kelompok kami merasa dalam penulisan makalah ini banyak kekurangannya baik dari segi pembahasan ataupun dari penulisan yang tidak sempurna untuk itu saya mengharapkan kritik dan saran nya yang bersipat knstruktip kepada dosen mata kuliah ilmu alamiah dasar,Gna penyempurnaan pada penyusunan makalah yang berikutnya.besar harapan kami makalah ini dapat diterima oleh dosen dan dapat menjadi reperensi bagi teman-teman mahasiswa khususnya dan umumnya bagi seluruh lapisan masyarakat Indonesia.

Serang,27 Oktober 2009



Selengkapnya...

TEORI PEMBENTUKAN ALAM SEMESTA

KATA PENGANTAR
Bismilahirrahmanirrahim
Assalamualaikum Wr.Wb
Puji dan syukur kita panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayahnya,sehhingga saya dapat menyelesaikan tugas mata kuliah Ilmu Alamiah Dasar, Salawat beserta salam semoga terlimpah kepada nabi besar Muhamad SAW.
Saya Ucapkan terima kasih kepada :
1. Dosen mata kuliah Ilmu alamiah dasar
2. Kedua orang tua yang selalu memberikan dukungan serta do’anya.
3. Teman-teman mahasiswa yang selalu mensuport kepda kelompok kami sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan tugas ini dengan baik.
Kelompok kami merasa dalam penulisan makalah ini banyak kekurangannya baik dari segi pembahasan ataupun dari penulisan yang tidak sempurna untuk itu saya mengharapkan kritik dan saran nya yang bersipat knstruktip kepada dosen mata kuliah ilmu alamiah dasar,Gna penyempurnaan pada penyusunan makalah yang berikutnya.besar harapan kami makalah ini dapat diterima oleh dosen dan dapat menjadi reperensi bagi teman-teman mahasiswa khususnya dan umumnya bagi seluruh lapisan masyarakat Indonesia.

Serang,27 Oktober 2009

Penulis


DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR i
DAFTAR ISI ii
Bab I Pendahuluan 1
1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah 2
1.3 Tujuan Penulisan 2
Bab II Pembahasan 3
2.1 Teori Tentang Terbentuknya Alam Semesta 3
2.2 Tata Surya 4
2.3 Bumi 5
BAB III Kesimpulan 7
DAFTAR PUSTAKA 8







BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latarbelakang Masalah
Masalah yang melatar belakangi Penulis adalah bahwasanya teori-teori tentang terbentknya alam semesta ini adalah terdapat dua teori yaitu Teori Keadaan (Steady State Theory) dan Teori Ledakan Besar (Big-Bang Theory). Teori Keadaan Tetap, menyatakan bahwa tiap-tiap galaksi yang terbentuk tumbuh menjadi tua dan akhirnya mati sedangkan Teori Ledakan Besar ialah ledaknya massa yang sangat besar dengan dahsyat, karena adanya reaksi inti.teori ini sangat berkaitan dengan asal mula terbentuknya alam ini yang kita huni ini.

Pada hakekatnya teori pembentkan alam semesta ini adalah teori-teori yang menguraikan sejarah tentang pembentukan alam semestasalasat teori yang dikemukakan .yaitu dengan Berdasarkan Hipotesis Fowler, galaksi berawal dari suatu kabut gas pijar dengan massa yang sangat besar. Kabut ini kemudian mengadakan kontraksi dan kondensasi sambil terus berputar pada sumbunya. Ada massa yang tertinggal, yakni pada bagian luar dari kabut pijar tadi. Massa itu juga mengadakan kontraksi dan kondensasi maka terbentuklah gumpalan gas pijar yaitu bintang-bintang.

Oleh karena kita harus mengetahui asal mula terbentuknya alam semesta ini dengan makalah ini kita dapat mengetahui labih mendalam bagaimana alam semesta ini terbentuk.



• Rumusan Masalah

Adapun rmusan masalah yang menyangkut tentang teori pembenukan alam semesta ini adalah :
1.Apakah yang dimaksud dengan teori bid bang theory?
2..Bagai mana teori terbentuknya bumi ?
3.Apakah yang dimaksud dengan teori steady state theory ?
4.Apakah bumi ini bulat ? bagai mana inti bumi?

1.2 Tuuan Penulisan

Tujuan dari penulisan Makalah ini adalah disusun sebagai salasat tugas terstruktu Mata Kuliah Alamiah Dasar ,dan selain itu juga ada poin –poin yang menjadi tujuan penukis membuat makalah ini adalah :

1. Mengetahui tentang teori pembentukan alam semesta
2. Mengetahui bentuk bumi dan inti bumi
3. Melatih mahasiswa berpikir kritis dan mengemukakan pendapat nya tentang teori pembentukan alam semesta.
4. Meningkatkan dan menambah wawasan tentang pembuatan makalah in








BAB II
PEMBAHASAN
TEORI PEMBENTUKAN ALAM SEMESTA
2.1 .Teori Terbentnya Alam Semesta
Teori-teori tentang terbentuknya alam semesta ialah Teori Keadaan (Steady State Theory) dan Teori Ledakan Besar (Big-Bang Theory). Teori Keadaan Tetap, menyatakan bahwa tiap-tiap galaksi yang terbentuk tumbuh menjadi tua dan akhirnya mati. Jadi teori ini beranggapan bahwa alam semesta itu tak terhingga besarnya dan juga tak terhingga tuanya (tanpa awal dan akhir). Sedangkan Teori Ledakan Besar ialah meledaknya massa yang sangat besar dengan dahsyat, karena adanya reaksi inti.
Berdasarkan Hipotesis Fowler, galaksi berawal dari suatu kabut gas pijar dengan massa yang sangat besar. Kabut ini kemudian mengadakan kontraksi dan kondensasi sambil terus berputar pada sumbunya. Ada massa yang tertinggal, yakni pada bagian luar dari kabut pijar tadi. Massa itu juga mengadakan kontraksi dan kondensasi maka terbentuklah gumpalan gas pijar yaitu bintang-bintang. Bagi yang bermassa besar masih berupa kabut bintang. Dengan cara yang sama, bagian luar bintang yang tertinggal juga mengadakan kondensasi sehingga terbentuklah planet. Demikian juga bagian planet membentuk satelit bulan.
Bima Sakti atau Milky Way, berbentuk seperti kue cucur. Matahari kita terletak kira-kira pada jarak 2/3, dihitung dari pusat galaksi itu sampai ke tepiannya.
Tata surya terdiri dari matahari sebagai pusat, benda-benda lain seperti planet, satelit, meteor-meteor, komet-komet, debu dan gas antarplanet beredar mengelilinginya.
Teori-teori yang mendukung terbentuknya tata surya, antara lain Hipotesis Nebular, Hipotesis Planettesimal, Teori Tidal, Teori Bintang Kembar, Teori Creatio Continua dan Teori G.P. Kuiper.

2.2 Susunan Tata Surya
Matahari kita dikelilingi oleh sembilan planet. Empat buah yang dekat dengan Matahari disebut planet dalam, yaitu Merkurius, Venus, Bumi dan Mars. Lima lainnya yang disebut planet luar berada relatif jauh dengan Matahari dan umumnya besar-besar. Mereka adalah Jupiter, Saturnus, Uranus, Neptunus, dan Pluto.
Anggota. tata. surya yang lain adalah:
1. Asteroida, berbentuk semacam planet tetapi sangat kecil, bergaris tengah 500 mil, jumlahnya lebih dari 2.000 buah dan terletak antara Mars dan Jupiter.
2. Komet atau bintang berekor. Garis edarnya eksentrik, perihelionnya sangat dekat dengan matahari, sedangkan aphelionnya sangat jauh, berupa bola gas pijar seperti matahari.
3. Meteor, merupakan batuan dingin yang terjadi akibat gaya tarik bumi sehingga masuk ke atmosfer menjadi pijar karena bergesekan dengan atmosfer.

2.3 Bumi
Berbagai upaya telah ditempuh untuk menentukan umur tata surya termasuk bumi. Teori tentang itu antara lain Teori Sedimen, Teori Kadar Garam, Teori Geotermal dan Teori Radioaktivitas. Teori yang terakhir inilah yang dianggap paling benar. Teori ini berlandaskan perhitungan waktu paruh dari peluruhan zat radioaktif. Dengan mengetahui kadar zat radioaktif dibandingkan dengan kadar zat luruhannya dapat diketahui kapan zat itu terbentuk. Berdasarkan teori ini, kita dapat menghitung bahwa bumi berumur antara 5 sampai 7 ribu juta tahun.

Bumi ternyata tidak sepenuhnya bulat, tetapi agak pipih di kedua kutubnya. Bergaris tengah ekuatorial 7.923 mil sedangkan antarkutub 7.900 mil. BJnya 5,5 dan beratnya 6,6 x 1021 ton.

Inti dalam bumi tebalnya 815 mil, inti luar 1.360 mil, mantel bumi 1.800 mil dan lapisan lithosfer 20 mil. Lapisan bumi yang cair disebut hidrosfer yang menutupi 71% muka bumi dengan kedalaman rata-rata 4.000 meter. Sedangkan lapisan yang berupa gas disebut atmosfer, terdiri dari troposfer setebal 10 mil. Di sini terdapat segala kegiatan cuaca seperti awan, hujan, badai, petir maupun lalu lintas udara. Sesudah troposfer ialah stratosfer dengan ketebalan mulai dari 10 – 50 mil. Pada lapisan ini terdapat lapisan ozon yang dapat menolak datangnya sinar ultra violet berintensitas tinggi dari matahari yang dapat merusak lapisan ionosfer.

Dikatakan demikian, karena segala senyawa berurai menjadi ion-ion pada temperatur yang sangat rendah. Sekarang lapisan ozon ini telah robek/berlubang akibat pemakaian bahan kimia jenis CFC. Lapisan ionosfer penting untuk dinding pemantul gelombang radio.

Teori Wegener mengungkapkan bahwa benua dan samudera bermula dari satu kontinen. Oleh karena lapisan kulit bumi, pada awalnya goyah dan bumi bergerak mengadakan rotasi maka lapisan tersebut retak dan secara perlahan serta terus menerus memisahkan diri menjadi benua-benua. Pegunungan Himalaya dan Samudera Hindia (Indonesia) terbentuk karena kerutan geoinklinal, sedangkan Atlantik karena pergeseran horizontal. Lithosfer, hidrosfer maupun troposfer merupakan tempat tinggal berbagai makhluk hidup dan disebut biosfer.

Harry Hess berpendapat bahwa di bumi ada enam lempengan utama sebagai berikut.

1. Lempengan Amerika, terdiri dari Amerika Utara dan Selatan serta 1/2 dasar bagian barat Samudera Atlantik;
2. Lempengan Afrika, yang terdiri dari Afrika dan sebagian samudera sekitarnya;
3. Lempengan Eurasia, terdiri dari Asia, Eropa, dan dasar laut sekitarnya;
4. Lempengan India, yang meliputi anak benua itu dan dasar samudera sekitarnya;
5. Lempengan Australia terdiri dari Australia dan samudera di sekitarnya;
6. Lempengan Pasifik, yang mendasari samudera Pasifik.


BAB III
KESIMPULAN
Setelah meakukan kajian pada pembahasan dapat diambil kesimpulan yaitu:
1. Big Bang Theori Adalah ledaknya massa yang sangat besar dengan dahsyat, karena adanya reaksi inti.teori ini sangat berkaitan dengan asal mula terbentuknya alam ini yang kita huni ini.
2. Teori yang menerangkan terjadinya bumi ini adalah Teori tentang itu antara lain Teori Sedimen, Teori Kadar Garam, Teori Geotermal dan Teori Radioaktivitas. Teori yang terakhir inilah yang dianggap paling benar. Teori ini berlandaskan perhitungan waktu paruh dari peluruhan zat radioaktif. Dengan mengetahui kadar zat radioaktif dibandingkan dengan kadar zat luruhannya dapat diketahui kapan zat itu terbentuk. Berdasarkan teori ini, kita dapat menghitung bahwa bumi berumur antara 5 sampai 7 ribu juta tahun.
3. Steady state theory adalah Teori Keadaan Tetap, menyatakan bahwa tiap-tiap galaksi yang terbentuk tumbuh menjadi tua dan akhirnya mati
4. Bumi ternyata tidak sepenuhnya bulat, tetapi agak pipih di kedua kutubnya. Bergaris tengah ekuatorial 7.923 mil sedangkan antarkutub 7.900 mil. BJnya 5,5 dan beratnya 6,6 x 1021 ton? Inti dalam bumi tebalnya 815 mil, inti luar 1.360 mil, mantel bumi 1.800 mil dan lapisan lithosfer 20 mil. Lapisan bumi yang cair disebut hidrosfer yang menutupi 71% muka bumi dengan kedalaman rata-rata 4.000 meter. Sedangkan lapisan yang berupa gas disebut atmosfer, terdiri dari troposfer setebal 10 mil. Di sini terdapat segala kegiatan cuaca seperti awan, hujan, badai, petir maupun lalu lintas udara. Sesudah troposfer ialah stratosfer dengan ketebalan mulai dari 10 – 50 mil. Pada lapisan ini terdapat lapisan ozon yang dapat menolak datangnya sinar ultra violet berintensitas tinggi dari matahari yang dapat merusak lapisan ionosfer.
.

KATA PENGANTAR
Bismilahirrahmanirrahim
Assalamualaikum Wr.Wb
Puji dan syukur kita panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayahnya,sehhingga saya dapat menyelesaikan tugas mata kuliah Ilmu Alamiah Dasar, Salawat beserta salam semoga terlimpah kepada nabi besar Muhamad SAW.
Saya Ucapkan terima kasih kepada :
1. Dosen mata kuliah Ilmu alamiah dasar
2. Kedua orang tua yang selalu memberikan dukungan serta do’anya.
3. Teman-teman mahasiswa yang selalu mensuport kepda kelompok kami sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan tugas ini dengan baik.
Kelompok kami merasa dalam penulisan makalah ini banyak kekurangannya baik dari segi pembahasan ataupun dari penulisan yang tidak sempurna untuk itu saya mengharapkan kritik dan saran nya yang bersipat knstruktip kepada dosen mata kuliah ilmu alamiah dasar,Gna penyempurnaan pada penyusunan makalah yang berikutnya.besar harapan kami makalah ini dapat diterima oleh dosen dan dapat menjadi reperensi bagi teman-teman mahasiswa khususnya dan umumnya bagi seluruh lapisan masyarakat Indonesia.

Serang,27 Oktober 2009

Penulis


DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR i
DAFTAR ISI ii
Bab I Pendahuluan 1
1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah 2
1.3 Tujuan Penulisan 2
Bab II Pembahasan 3
2.1 Teori Tentang Terbentuknya Alam Semesta 3
2.2 Tata Surya 4
2.3 Bumi 5
BAB III Kesimpulan 7
DAFTAR PUSTAKA 8







BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latarbelakang Masalah
Masalah yang melatar belakangi Penulis adalah bahwasanya teori-teori tentang terbentknya alam semesta ini adalah terdapat dua teori yaitu Teori Keadaan (Steady State Theory) dan Teori Ledakan Besar (Big-Bang Theory). Teori Keadaan Tetap, menyatakan bahwa tiap-tiap galaksi yang terbentuk tumbuh menjadi tua dan akhirnya mati sedangkan Teori Ledakan Besar ialah ledaknya massa yang sangat besar dengan dahsyat, karena adanya reaksi inti.teori ini sangat berkaitan dengan asal mula terbentuknya alam ini yang kita huni ini.

Pada hakekatnya teori pembentkan alam semesta ini adalah teori-teori yang menguraikan sejarah tentang pembentukan alam semestasalasat teori yang dikemukakan .yaitu dengan Berdasarkan Hipotesis Fowler, galaksi berawal dari suatu kabut gas pijar dengan massa yang sangat besar. Kabut ini kemudian mengadakan kontraksi dan kondensasi sambil terus berputar pada sumbunya. Ada massa yang tertinggal, yakni pada bagian luar dari kabut pijar tadi. Massa itu juga mengadakan kontraksi dan kondensasi maka terbentuklah gumpalan gas pijar yaitu bintang-bintang.

Oleh karena kita harus mengetahui asal mula terbentuknya alam semesta ini dengan makalah ini kita dapat mengetahui labih mendalam bagaimana alam semesta ini terbentuk.



• Rumusan Masalah

Adapun rmusan masalah yang menyangkut tentang teori pembenukan alam semesta ini adalah :
1.Apakah yang dimaksud dengan teori bid bang theory?
2..Bagai mana teori terbentuknya bumi ?
3.Apakah yang dimaksud dengan teori steady state theory ?
4.Apakah bumi ini bulat ? bagai mana inti bumi?

1.2 Tuuan Penulisan

Tujuan dari penulisan Makalah ini adalah disusun sebagai salasat tugas terstruktu Mata Kuliah Alamiah Dasar ,dan selain itu juga ada poin –poin yang menjadi tujuan penukis membuat makalah ini adalah :

1. Mengetahui tentang teori pembentukan alam semesta
2. Mengetahui bentuk bumi dan inti bumi
3. Melatih mahasiswa berpikir kritis dan mengemukakan pendapat nya tentang teori pembentukan alam semesta.
4. Meningkatkan dan menambah wawasan tentang pembuatan makalah in








BAB II
PEMBAHASAN
TEORI PEMBENTUKAN ALAM SEMESTA
2.1 .Teori Terbentnya Alam Semesta
Teori-teori tentang terbentuknya alam semesta ialah Teori Keadaan (Steady State Theory) dan Teori Ledakan Besar (Big-Bang Theory). Teori Keadaan Tetap, menyatakan bahwa tiap-tiap galaksi yang terbentuk tumbuh menjadi tua dan akhirnya mati. Jadi teori ini beranggapan bahwa alam semesta itu tak terhingga besarnya dan juga tak terhingga tuanya (tanpa awal dan akhir). Sedangkan Teori Ledakan Besar ialah meledaknya massa yang sangat besar dengan dahsyat, karena adanya reaksi inti.
Berdasarkan Hipotesis Fowler, galaksi berawal dari suatu kabut gas pijar dengan massa yang sangat besar. Kabut ini kemudian mengadakan kontraksi dan kondensasi sambil terus berputar pada sumbunya. Ada massa yang tertinggal, yakni pada bagian luar dari kabut pijar tadi. Massa itu juga mengadakan kontraksi dan kondensasi maka terbentuklah gumpalan gas pijar yaitu bintang-bintang. Bagi yang bermassa besar masih berupa kabut bintang. Dengan cara yang sama, bagian luar bintang yang tertinggal juga mengadakan kondensasi sehingga terbentuklah planet. Demikian juga bagian planet membentuk satelit bulan.
Bima Sakti atau Milky Way, berbentuk seperti kue cucur. Matahari kita terletak kira-kira pada jarak 2/3, dihitung dari pusat galaksi itu sampai ke tepiannya.
Tata surya terdiri dari matahari sebagai pusat, benda-benda lain seperti planet, satelit, meteor-meteor, komet-komet, debu dan gas antarplanet beredar mengelilinginya.
Teori-teori yang mendukung terbentuknya tata surya, antara lain Hipotesis Nebular, Hipotesis Planettesimal, Teori Tidal, Teori Bintang Kembar, Teori Creatio Continua dan Teori G.P. Kuiper.

2.2 Susunan Tata Surya
Matahari kita dikelilingi oleh sembilan planet. Empat buah yang dekat dengan Matahari disebut planet dalam, yaitu Merkurius, Venus, Bumi dan Mars. Lima lainnya yang disebut planet luar berada relatif jauh dengan Matahari dan umumnya besar-besar. Mereka adalah Jupiter, Saturnus, Uranus, Neptunus, dan Pluto.
Anggota. tata. surya yang lain adalah:
1. Asteroida, berbentuk semacam planet tetapi sangat kecil, bergaris tengah 500 mil, jumlahnya lebih dari 2.000 buah dan terletak antara Mars dan Jupiter.
2. Komet atau bintang berekor. Garis edarnya eksentrik, perihelionnya sangat dekat dengan matahari, sedangkan aphelionnya sangat jauh, berupa bola gas pijar seperti matahari.
3. Meteor, merupakan batuan dingin yang terjadi akibat gaya tarik bumi sehingga masuk ke atmosfer menjadi pijar karena bergesekan dengan atmosfer.

2.3 Bumi
Berbagai upaya telah ditempuh untuk menentukan umur tata surya termasuk bumi. Teori tentang itu antara lain Teori Sedimen, Teori Kadar Garam, Teori Geotermal dan Teori Radioaktivitas. Teori yang terakhir inilah yang dianggap paling benar. Teori ini berlandaskan perhitungan waktu paruh dari peluruhan zat radioaktif. Dengan mengetahui kadar zat radioaktif dibandingkan dengan kadar zat luruhannya dapat diketahui kapan zat itu terbentuk. Berdasarkan teori ini, kita dapat menghitung bahwa bumi berumur antara 5 sampai 7 ribu juta tahun.

Bumi ternyata tidak sepenuhnya bulat, tetapi agak pipih di kedua kutubnya. Bergaris tengah ekuatorial 7.923 mil sedangkan antarkutub 7.900 mil. BJnya 5,5 dan beratnya 6,6 x 1021 ton.

Inti dalam bumi tebalnya 815 mil, inti luar 1.360 mil, mantel bumi 1.800 mil dan lapisan lithosfer 20 mil. Lapisan bumi yang cair disebut hidrosfer yang menutupi 71% muka bumi dengan kedalaman rata-rata 4.000 meter. Sedangkan lapisan yang berupa gas disebut atmosfer, terdiri dari troposfer setebal 10 mil. Di sini terdapat segala kegiatan cuaca seperti awan, hujan, badai, petir maupun lalu lintas udara. Sesudah troposfer ialah stratosfer dengan ketebalan mulai dari 10 – 50 mil. Pada lapisan ini terdapat lapisan ozon yang dapat menolak datangnya sinar ultra violet berintensitas tinggi dari matahari yang dapat merusak lapisan ionosfer.

Dikatakan demikian, karena segala senyawa berurai menjadi ion-ion pada temperatur yang sangat rendah. Sekarang lapisan ozon ini telah robek/berlubang akibat pemakaian bahan kimia jenis CFC. Lapisan ionosfer penting untuk dinding pemantul gelombang radio.

Teori Wegener mengungkapkan bahwa benua dan samudera bermula dari satu kontinen. Oleh karena lapisan kulit bumi, pada awalnya goyah dan bumi bergerak mengadakan rotasi maka lapisan tersebut retak dan secara perlahan serta terus menerus memisahkan diri menjadi benua-benua. Pegunungan Himalaya dan Samudera Hindia (Indonesia) terbentuk karena kerutan geoinklinal, sedangkan Atlantik karena pergeseran horizontal. Lithosfer, hidrosfer maupun troposfer merupakan tempat tinggal berbagai makhluk hidup dan disebut biosfer.

Harry Hess berpendapat bahwa di bumi ada enam lempengan utama sebagai berikut.

1. Lempengan Amerika, terdiri dari Amerika Utara dan Selatan serta 1/2 dasar bagian barat Samudera Atlantik;
2. Lempengan Afrika, yang terdiri dari Afrika dan sebagian samudera sekitarnya;
3. Lempengan Eurasia, terdiri dari Asia, Eropa, dan dasar laut sekitarnya;
4. Lempengan India, yang meliputi anak benua itu dan dasar samudera sekitarnya;
5. Lempengan Australia terdiri dari Australia dan samudera di sekitarnya;
6. Lempengan Pasifik, yang mendasari samudera Pasifik.


BAB III
KESIMPULAN
Setelah meakukan kajian pada pembahasan dapat diambil kesimpulan yaitu:
1. Big Bang Theori Adalah ledaknya massa yang sangat besar dengan dahsyat, karena adanya reaksi inti.teori ini sangat berkaitan dengan asal mula terbentuknya alam ini yang kita huni ini.
2. Teori yang menerangkan terjadinya bumi ini adalah Teori tentang itu antara lain Teori Sedimen, Teori Kadar Garam, Teori Geotermal dan Teori Radioaktivitas. Teori yang terakhir inilah yang dianggap paling benar. Teori ini berlandaskan perhitungan waktu paruh dari peluruhan zat radioaktif. Dengan mengetahui kadar zat radioaktif dibandingkan dengan kadar zat luruhannya dapat diketahui kapan zat itu terbentuk. Berdasarkan teori ini, kita dapat menghitung bahwa bumi berumur antara 5 sampai 7 ribu juta tahun.
3. Steady state theory adalah Teori Keadaan Tetap, menyatakan bahwa tiap-tiap galaksi yang terbentuk tumbuh menjadi tua dan akhirnya mati
4. Bumi ternyata tidak sepenuhnya bulat, tetapi agak pipih di kedua kutubnya. Bergaris tengah ekuatorial 7.923 mil sedangkan antarkutub 7.900 mil. BJnya 5,5 dan beratnya 6,6 x 1021 ton? Inti dalam bumi tebalnya 815 mil, inti luar 1.360 mil, mantel bumi 1.800 mil dan lapisan lithosfer 20 mil. Lapisan bumi yang cair disebut hidrosfer yang menutupi 71% muka bumi dengan kedalaman rata-rata 4.000 meter. Sedangkan lapisan yang berupa gas disebut atmosfer, terdiri dari troposfer setebal 10 mil. Di sini terdapat segala kegiatan cuaca seperti awan, hujan, badai, petir maupun lalu lintas udara. Sesudah troposfer ialah stratosfer dengan ketebalan mulai dari 10 – 50 mil. Pada lapisan ini terdapat lapisan ozon yang dapat menolak datangnya sinar ultra violet berintensitas tinggi dari matahari yang dapat merusak lapisan ionosfer.
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Selengkapnya...

Masa pergerakan nasional

Masa pergerakan nasional
Pada tahun 1926, Soekarno mendirikan Algemene Studie Club di Bandung. Organisasi ini menjadi cikal bakal Partai Nasional Indonesia yang didirikan pada tahun 1927. Aktivitas Soekarno di PNI menyebabkannya ditangkap Belanda pada bulan Desember 1929, dan memunculkan pledoinya yang fenomenal: Indonesia Menggugat, hingga dibebaskan kembali pada tanggal 31 Desember 1931.


Pada bulan Juli 1932, Soekarno bergabung dengan Partai Indonesia (Partindo), yang merupakan pecahan dari PNI. Soekarno kembali ditangkap pada bulan Agustus 1933, dan diasingkan ke Flores. Di sini, Soekarno hampir dilupakan oleh tokoh-tokoh nasional. Namun semangatnya tetap membara seperti tersirat dalam setiap suratnya kepada seorang Guru Persatuan Islam bernama Ahmad Hassan.
Pada tahun 1938 hingga tahun 1942 Soekarno diasingkan ke Provinsi Bengkulu..Soekarno baru kembali bebas pada masa penjajahan Jepang pada tahun 1942.





Masa pergerakan nasional
Pada tahun 1926, Soekarno mendirikan Algemene Studie Club di Bandung. Organisasi ini menjadi cikal bakal Partai Nasional Indonesia yang didirikan pada tahun 1927. Aktivitas Soekarno di PNI menyebabkannya ditangkap Belanda pada bulan Desember 1929, dan memunculkan pledoinya yang fenomenal: Indonesia Menggugat, hingga dibebaskan kembali pada tanggal 31 Desember 1931.


Pada bulan Juli 1932, Soekarno bergabung dengan Partai Indonesia (Partindo), yang merupakan pecahan dari PNI. Soekarno kembali ditangkap pada bulan Agustus 1933, dan diasingkan ke Flores. Di sini, Soekarno hampir dilupakan oleh tokoh-tokoh nasional. Namun semangatnya tetap membara seperti tersirat dalam setiap suratnya kepada seorang Guru Persatuan Islam bernama Ahmad Hassan.
Pada tahun 1938 hingga tahun 1942 Soekarno diasingkan ke Provinsi Bengkulu..Soekarno baru kembali bebas pada masa penjajahan Jepang pada tahun 1942.





Selengkapnya...

Once in a Blue Moon

Once in a Blue Moon
A sharp breeze rustles through the open field. Numbness grips the weary bones of an ancient soul. Between the heavy swoosh of open air and the cracking of a forgotten soul's heart, it's as if the two were symbolic. Each had an untimely connection with each other. The cold wind each year would sweep the lands and take all life in its pass, followed by its brother the frost without thought or forgiveness. The frost kills life and so has robbed his spirit.



He knew his time would come. He knew there would be a time when it would be useless to carry on any longer.
"I'm old", He said out loud.
But had he known that his kin, his own flesh and blood would a banded him for being the weak and slowing down the hunts, maybe one would have planned better. Maybe, one would have focused more on its surroundings and realized that the prey had moved on and there is simply nothing left in the barren lands.
A heavy weez escapes his nostrils in short breaths. He could see the mist from his breath. Gazing down his body, while laying on the ground, his once amber fur has turned a sleek gray with just a few strands of light brown left. His fur, now a matted jungle of dirt and leaves. Lifting his weary paw to scratch his side, he could feel the thick ribs sticking out of his body. His once powerful hind legs that used to pump him through the woods at high speed were nothing more then two frail sticks.
Pulling, himself up off the frosty ground, he began to stair at the deep blue sky and golden stars and started to remember a time when life was good and gracious. He had a name and rank. He knew there was a time when he was highly respected by all his fellow wolves for he was the Alpha. He had a family then. He had an identity.
There was a time when he thought his name meant respect among his pack. His name once was Shadow Fang. A name now that has been forgotten.
by Jessica Bruce



Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Once upon a time in a great castle, a Prince's daughter grew up happy and contented, in spite of a jealous stepmother. She was very pretty, with blue eyes and long black hair. Her skin was delicate and fair, and so she was called Snow White. Everyone was quite sure she would become very beautiful. Though her stepmother was a wicked woman, she too was very beautiful, and the magic mirror told her this every day, whenever she asked it.

"Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the loveliest lady in the land?" The reply was always; "You are, your Majesty," until the dreadful day when she heard it say, "Snow White is the loveliest in the land." The stepmother was furious and, wild with jealousy, began plotting to get rid of her rival. Calling one of her trusty servants, she bribed him with a rich reward to take Snow White into the forest, far away from the Castle. Then, unseen, he was to put her to death. The greedy servant, attracted to the reward, agreed to do this deed, and he led the innocent little girl away. However, when they came to the fatal spot, the man's courage failed him and, leaving Snow White sitting beside a tree, he mumbled an excuse and ran off. Snow White was all alone in the forest.

Night came, but the servant did not return. Snow White, alone in the dark forest, began to cry bitterly. She thought she could feel terrible eyes spying on her, and she heard strange sounds and rustlings that made her heart thump. At last, overcome by tiredness, she fell asleep curled under a tree.

Snow White slept fitfully, wakening from time to time with a start and staring into the darkness round her. Several times, she thought she felt something, or somebody touch her as she slept.

At last, dawn woke the forest to the song of the birds, and Snow White too, awoke. A whole world was stirring to life and the little girl was glad to see how silly her fears had been. However, the thick trees were like a wall round her, and as she tried to find out where she was, she came upon a path. She walked along it, hopefully. On she walked till she came to a clearing. There stood a strange cottage, with a tiny door, tiny windows and a tiny chimney pot. Everything about the cottage was much tinier than it ought to be. Snow White pushed the door open.

"l wonder who lives here?" she said to herself, peeping round the kitchen. "What tiny plates! And spoons! There must be seven of them, the table's laid for seven people." Upstairs was a bedroom with seven neat little beds. Going back to the kitchen, Snow White had an idea.

"I'll make them something to eat. When they come home, they'll be glad to find a meal ready." Towards dusk, seven tiny men marched homewards singing. But when they opened the door, to their surprise they found a bowl of hot steaming soup on the table, and the whole house spick and span. Upstairs was Snow White, fast asleep on one of the beds. The chief dwarf prodded her gently.

"Who are you?" he asked. Snow White told them her sad story, and tears sprang to the dwarfs' eyes. Then one of them said, as he noisily blew his nose:

"Stay here with us!"

"Hooray! Hooray!" they cheered, dancing joyfully round the little girl. The dwarfs said to Snow White:

"You can live here and tend to the house while we're down the mine. Don't worry about your stepmother leaving you in the forest. We love you and we'll take care of you!" Snow White gratefully accepted their hospitality, and next morning the dwarfs set off for work. But they warned Snow White not to open the door to strangers.

Meanwhile, the servant had returned to the castle, with the heart of a roe deer. He gave it to the cruel stepmother, telling her it belonged to Snow White, so that he could claim the reward. Highly pleased, the stepmother turned again to the magic mirror. But her hopes were dashed, for the mirror replied: "The loveliest in the land is still Snow White, who lives in the seven dwarfs' cottage, down in the forest." The stepmother was beside herself with rage.

"She must die! She must die!" she screamed. Disguising herself as an old peasant woman, she put a poisoned apple with the others in her basket. Then, taking the quickest way into the forest, she crossed the swamp at the edge of the trees. She reached the bank unseen, just as Snow White stood waving goodbye to the seven dwarfs on their way to the mine.

Snow White was in the kitchen when she heard the sound at the door: KNOCK! KNOCK!

"Who's there?" she called suspiciously, remembering the dwarfs advice.

"I'm an old peasant woman selling apples," came the reply.

"I don't need any apples, thank you," she replied.

"But they are beautiful apples and ever so juicy!" said the velvety voice from outside the door.

"I'm not supposed to open the door to anyone," said the little girl, who was reluctant to disobey her friends.

"And quite right too! Good girl! If you promised not to open up to strangers, then of course you can't buy. You are a good girl indeed!" Then the old woman went on.

"And as a reward for being good, I'm going to make you a gift of one of my apples!" Without a further thought, Snow White opened the door just a tiny crack, to take the apple.

"There! Now isn't that a nice apple?" Snow White bit into the fruit, and as she did, fell to the ground in a faint: the effect of the terrible poison left her lifeless instantaneously.

Now chuckling evilly, the wicked stepmother hurried off. But as she ran back across the swamp, she tripped and fell into the quicksand. No one heard her cries for help, and she disappeared without a trace.

Meanwhile, the dwarfs came out of the mine to find the sky had grown dark and stormy. Loud thunder echoed through the valleys and streaks of lightning ripped the sky. Worried about Snow White they ran as quickly as they could down the mountain to the cottage.

There they found Snow White, lying still and lifeless, the poisoned apple by her side. They did their best to bring her around, but it was no use.

They wept and wept for a long time. Then they laid her on a bed of rose petals, carried her into the forest and put her in a crystal coffin.

Each day they laid a flower there.

Then one evening, they discovered a strange young man admiring Snow White's lovely face through the glass. After listening to the story, the Prince (for he was a prince!) made a suggestion.

"If you allow me to take her to the Castle, I'll call in famous doctors to waken her from this peculiar sleep. She's so lovely I'd love to kiss her!" He did, and as though by magic, the Prince's kiss broke the spell. To everyone's astonishment, Snow White opened her eyes. She had amazingly come back to life! Now in love, the Prince asked Snow White to marry him, and the dwarfs reluctantly had to say good bye to Snow White.

From that day on, Snow White lived happily in a great castle. But from time to time, she was drawn back to visit the little cottage down in the forest.
Beauty and the Beast
Once upon a time as a merchant set off for market, he asked each of his three daughters what she would like as a present on his return. The first daughter wanted a brocade dress, the second a pearl necklace, but the third, whose name was Beauty, the youngest, prettiest and sweetest of them all, said to her father:

"All I'd like is a rose you've picked specially for me!"

When the merchant had finished his business, he set off for home. However, a sudden storm blew up, and his horse could hardly make headway in the howling gale. Cold and weary, the merchant had lost all hope of reaching an inn when he suddenly noticed a bright light shining in the middle of a wood. As he drew near, he saw that it was a castle, bathed in light.

"I hope I'll find shelter there for the night," he said to himself. When he reached the door, he saw it was open, but though he shouted, nobody came to greet him. Plucking up courage, he went inside, still calling out to attract attention. On a table in the main hall, a splendid dinner lay already served. The merchant lingered, still shouting for the owner of the castle. But no one
came, and so the starving merchant sat down to a hearty meal.

Overcome by curiosity, he ventured upstairs, where the corridor led into magnificent rooms and halls. A fire crackled in the first room and a soft bed looked very inviting. It was now late, and the merchant could not resist. He lay down on the bed and fell fast asleep. When he woke next morning, an unknown hand had placed a mug of steaming coffee and some fruit by his bedside.

The merchant had breakfast and after tidying himself up, went downstairs to thank his generous host. But, as on the evening before, there was nobody in sight. Shaking his head in wonder at the strangeness of it all, he went towards the garden where he had left his horse, tethered to a tree. Suddenly, a large rose bush caught his eye.

Remembering his promise to Beauty, he bent down to pick a rose. Instantly, out of the rose garden, sprang a horrible beast, wearing splendid clothes. Two bloodshot eyes, gleaming angrily, glared at him and a deep, terrifying voice growled: "Ungrateful man! I gave you shelter, you ate at my table and slept in my own bed, but now all the thanks I get is the theft of my favorite flowers! I shall put you to death for this slight!" Trembling with fear, the merchant fell on his knees before the Beast.

"Forgive me! Forgive me! Don't kill me! I'll do anything you say! The rose wasn't for me, it was for my daughter Beauty. I promised to bring her back a rose from my journey!" The Beast dropped the paw it had clamped on the unhappy merchant.

"I shall spare your life, but on one condition, that you bring me your daughter!" The terror-stricken merchant, faced with certain death if he did not obey, promised that he would do so. When he reached home in tears, his three daughters ran to greet him. After he had told them of his dreadful adventure, Beauty put his mind at rest immediately.

"Dear father, I'd do anything for you! Don't worry, you'll be able to keep your promise and save your life! Take me to the castle. I'll stay there in your place!" The merchant hugged his daughter.

"I never did doubt your love for me. For the moment I can only thank you for saving my life." So Beauty was led to the castle. The Beast, however, had quite an unexpected greeting for the girl. Instead of menacing doom as it had done with her father, it was surprisingly pleasant.

In the beginning, Beauty was frightened of the Beast, and shuddered at the sight of it. Then she found that, in spite of the monster's awful head, her horror of it was gradually fading as time went by. She had one of the finest rooms in the Castle, and sat for hours, embroidering in front of the fire. And the Beast would sit, for hours on end, only a short distance away, silently gazing at her. Then it started to say a few kind words, till in the end, Beauty was amazed to discover that she was actually enjoying its conversation. The days passed, and Beauty and the Beast became good friends. Then one day, the Beast asked the girl to be his wife.

Taken by surprise, Beauty did not know what to say. Marry such an ugly monster? She would rather die! But she did not want to hurt the feelings of one who, after all, had been kind to her. And she remembered too that she owed it her own life as well as her father's.

"I really can't say yes," she began shakily. "I'd so much like to..." The Beast interrupted her with an abrupt gesture.

"I quite understand! And I'm not offended by your refusal!" Life went on as usual, and nothing further was said. One day, the Beast presented Beauty with a magnificent magic mirror. When Beauty peeped into it, she could see her family, far away.

"You won't feel so lonely now," were the words that accompanied the gift. Beauty stared for hours at her distant family. Then she began to feel worried. One day, the Beast found her weeping beside the magic mirror.

"What's wrong?" he asked, kindly as always.

"My father is gravely ill and close to dying! Oh, how I wish I could see him again, before it's too late!" But the Beast only shook its head.

"No! You will never leave this castle!" And off it stalked in a rage. However, a little later, it returned and spoke solemnly to the girl.

"If you swear that you will return here in seven days time, I'll let you go and visit your father!" Beauty threw herself at the Beast's feet in delight.

"I swear! I swear I will! How kind you are! You've made a loving daughter so happy!" In reality, the merchant had fallen ill from a broken heart at knowing his daughter was being kept prisoner. When he embraced her again, he was soon on the road to recovery. Beauty stayed beside him for hours on end, describing her life at the Castle, and explaining that the Beast was really
good and kind. The days flashed past, and at last the merchant was able to leave his bed. He was completely well again. Beauty was happy at last. However, she had failed to notice that seven days had gone by.

Then one night she woke from a terrible nightmare. She had dreamt that the Beast was dying and calling for her, twisting in agony.

"Come back! Come back to me!" it was pleading. The solemn promise she had made drove her to leave home immediately.

"Hurry! Hurry, good horse!" she said, whipping her steed onwards towards the castle, afraid that she might arrive too late. She rushed up the stairs, calling, but there was no reply. Her heart in her mouth, Beauty ran into the garden and there crouched the Beast, its eyes shut, as though dead. Beauty threw herself at it and hugged it tightly.

"Don't die! Don't die! I'll marry you . . ." At these words, a miracle took place. The Beast's ugly snout turned magically into the face of a handsome young man.

"How I've been longing for this moment!" he said. "I was suffering in silence, and couldn't tell my frightful secret. An evil witch turned me into a monster and only the love of a maiden willing to accept me as I was, could transform me back into my real self. My dearest! I'll be so happy if you'll marry me."

The wedding took place shortly after and, from that day on, the young Prince would have nothing but roses in his gardens. And that's why, to this day, the castle is known as the Castle of the Rose.



The Ugly Duckling
Once upon a time down on an old farm, lived a duck family, and Mother Duck had been sitting on a clutch of new eggs. One nice morning, the eggs hatched and out popped six chirpy ducklings. But one egg was bigger than the rest, and it didn't hatch. Mother Duck couldn't recall laying that seventh egg. How did it get there? TOCK! TOCK! The little prisoner was pecking inside his shell.

"Did I count the eggs wrongly?" Mother Duck wondered. But before she had time to think about it, the last egg finally hatched. A strange looking duckling with gray feathers that should have been yellow gazed at a worried mother. The ducklings grew quickly, but Mother Duck had a secret worry.

"I can't understand how this ugly duckling can be one of mine!" she said to herself, shaking her head as she looked at her last born. Well, the gray duckling certainly wasn't pretty, and since he ate far more than his brothers, he was outgrowing them. As the days went by, the poor ugly duckling became more and more unhappy. His brothers didn't want to play with him, he was so
clumsy, and all the farmyard folks simply laughed at him. He felt sad and lonely, while Mother Duck did her best to console him.

"Poor little ugly duckling!" she would say. "Why are you so different from the others?" And the ugly duckling felt worse than ever. He secretly wept at night. He felt nobody wanted him.

"Nobody loves me, they all tease me! Why am I different from my brothers?"

Then one day, at sunrise, he ran away from the farmyard. He stopped at a pond and began to question all the other birds. "Do you know of any ducklings with gray feathers like mine?" But everyone shook their heads in scorn.

"We don't know anyone as ugly as you." The ugly duckling did not lose heart, however, and kept on making inquiries. He went to another pond, where a pair of large geese gave him the same answer to his question. What's more, they warned him: "Don't stay here! Go away! It's dangerous. There are men with guns around here!" The duckling was sorry he had ever left the farmyard.

Then one day, his travels took him near an old countrywoman's cottage. Thinking he was a stray goose, she caught him.

"I'll put this in a hutch. I hope it's a female and lays plenty of eggs!" said the old woman, whose eyesight was poor. But the ugly duckling laid not a single egg. The hen kept frightening him.

"Just wait! If you don't lay eggs, the old woman will wring your neck and pop you into the pot!" And the cat chipped in: "Hee! Hee! I hope the woman cooks you, then I can gnaw at your bones!" The poor ugly duckling was so scared that he lost his appetite, though the old woman kept stuffing him with food and grumbling: "If you won't lay eggs, at least hurry up and get plump!"

"Oh, dear me!" moaned the now terrified duckling. "I'll die of fright first! And I did so hope someone would love me!"

Then one night, finding the hutch door ajar, he escaped. Once again he was all alone. He fled as far away as he could, and at dawn, he found himself in a thick bed of reeds. "If nobody wants me, I'll hid here forever." There was plenty a food, and the duckling began to feel a little happier, though he was lonely. One day at sunrise, he saw a flight of beautiful birds wing overhead. White, with long slender necks, yellow beaks and large wings, they were migrating south.

"If only I could look like them, just for a day!" said the duckling, admiringly. Winter came and the water in the reed bed froze. The poor duckling left home to seek food in the snow. He dropped exhausted to the ground, but a farmer found him and put him in his big jacket pocket.

"I'll take him home to my children. They'll look after him. Poor thing, he's frozen!" The duckling was showered with kindly care at the farmer's house. In this way, the ugly duckling was able to survive the bitterly cold winter.

However, by springtime, he had grown so big that the farmer decided: "I'll set him free by the pond!" That was when the duckling saw himself mirrored in the water.

"Goodness! How I've changed! I hardly recognize myself!" The flight of swans winged north again and glided on to the pond. When the duckling saw them, he realized he was one of their kind, and soon made friends.

"We're swans like you!" they said, warmly. "Where have you been hiding?"

"It's a long story," replied the young swan, still astounded. Now, he swam majestically with his fellow swans. One day, he heard children on the river bank exclaim: "Look at that young swan! He's the finest of them all!"

And he almost burst with happiness.





Once in a Blue Moon
A sharp breeze rustles through the open field. Numbness grips the weary bones of an ancient soul. Between the heavy swoosh of open air and the cracking of a forgotten soul's heart, it's as if the two were symbolic. Each had an untimely connection with each other. The cold wind each year would sweep the lands and take all life in its pass, followed by its brother the frost without thought or forgiveness. The frost kills life and so has robbed his spirit.



He knew his time would come. He knew there would be a time when it would be useless to carry on any longer.
"I'm old", He said out loud.
But had he known that his kin, his own flesh and blood would a banded him for being the weak and slowing down the hunts, maybe one would have planned better. Maybe, one would have focused more on its surroundings and realized that the prey had moved on and there is simply nothing left in the barren lands.
A heavy weez escapes his nostrils in short breaths. He could see the mist from his breath. Gazing down his body, while laying on the ground, his once amber fur has turned a sleek gray with just a few strands of light brown left. His fur, now a matted jungle of dirt and leaves. Lifting his weary paw to scratch his side, he could feel the thick ribs sticking out of his body. His once powerful hind legs that used to pump him through the woods at high speed were nothing more then two frail sticks.
Pulling, himself up off the frosty ground, he began to stair at the deep blue sky and golden stars and started to remember a time when life was good and gracious. He had a name and rank. He knew there was a time when he was highly respected by all his fellow wolves for he was the Alpha. He had a family then. He had an identity.
There was a time when he thought his name meant respect among his pack. His name once was Shadow Fang. A name now that has been forgotten.
by Jessica Bruce



Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Once upon a time in a great castle, a Prince's daughter grew up happy and contented, in spite of a jealous stepmother. She was very pretty, with blue eyes and long black hair. Her skin was delicate and fair, and so she was called Snow White. Everyone was quite sure she would become very beautiful. Though her stepmother was a wicked woman, she too was very beautiful, and the magic mirror told her this every day, whenever she asked it.

"Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the loveliest lady in the land?" The reply was always; "You are, your Majesty," until the dreadful day when she heard it say, "Snow White is the loveliest in the land." The stepmother was furious and, wild with jealousy, began plotting to get rid of her rival. Calling one of her trusty servants, she bribed him with a rich reward to take Snow White into the forest, far away from the Castle. Then, unseen, he was to put her to death. The greedy servant, attracted to the reward, agreed to do this deed, and he led the innocent little girl away. However, when they came to the fatal spot, the man's courage failed him and, leaving Snow White sitting beside a tree, he mumbled an excuse and ran off. Snow White was all alone in the forest.

Night came, but the servant did not return. Snow White, alone in the dark forest, began to cry bitterly. She thought she could feel terrible eyes spying on her, and she heard strange sounds and rustlings that made her heart thump. At last, overcome by tiredness, she fell asleep curled under a tree.

Snow White slept fitfully, wakening from time to time with a start and staring into the darkness round her. Several times, she thought she felt something, or somebody touch her as she slept.

At last, dawn woke the forest to the song of the birds, and Snow White too, awoke. A whole world was stirring to life and the little girl was glad to see how silly her fears had been. However, the thick trees were like a wall round her, and as she tried to find out where she was, she came upon a path. She walked along it, hopefully. On she walked till she came to a clearing. There stood a strange cottage, with a tiny door, tiny windows and a tiny chimney pot. Everything about the cottage was much tinier than it ought to be. Snow White pushed the door open.

"l wonder who lives here?" she said to herself, peeping round the kitchen. "What tiny plates! And spoons! There must be seven of them, the table's laid for seven people." Upstairs was a bedroom with seven neat little beds. Going back to the kitchen, Snow White had an idea.

"I'll make them something to eat. When they come home, they'll be glad to find a meal ready." Towards dusk, seven tiny men marched homewards singing. But when they opened the door, to their surprise they found a bowl of hot steaming soup on the table, and the whole house spick and span. Upstairs was Snow White, fast asleep on one of the beds. The chief dwarf prodded her gently.

"Who are you?" he asked. Snow White told them her sad story, and tears sprang to the dwarfs' eyes. Then one of them said, as he noisily blew his nose:

"Stay here with us!"

"Hooray! Hooray!" they cheered, dancing joyfully round the little girl. The dwarfs said to Snow White:

"You can live here and tend to the house while we're down the mine. Don't worry about your stepmother leaving you in the forest. We love you and we'll take care of you!" Snow White gratefully accepted their hospitality, and next morning the dwarfs set off for work. But they warned Snow White not to open the door to strangers.

Meanwhile, the servant had returned to the castle, with the heart of a roe deer. He gave it to the cruel stepmother, telling her it belonged to Snow White, so that he could claim the reward. Highly pleased, the stepmother turned again to the magic mirror. But her hopes were dashed, for the mirror replied: "The loveliest in the land is still Snow White, who lives in the seven dwarfs' cottage, down in the forest." The stepmother was beside herself with rage.

"She must die! She must die!" she screamed. Disguising herself as an old peasant woman, she put a poisoned apple with the others in her basket. Then, taking the quickest way into the forest, she crossed the swamp at the edge of the trees. She reached the bank unseen, just as Snow White stood waving goodbye to the seven dwarfs on their way to the mine.

Snow White was in the kitchen when she heard the sound at the door: KNOCK! KNOCK!

"Who's there?" she called suspiciously, remembering the dwarfs advice.

"I'm an old peasant woman selling apples," came the reply.

"I don't need any apples, thank you," she replied.

"But they are beautiful apples and ever so juicy!" said the velvety voice from outside the door.

"I'm not supposed to open the door to anyone," said the little girl, who was reluctant to disobey her friends.

"And quite right too! Good girl! If you promised not to open up to strangers, then of course you can't buy. You are a good girl indeed!" Then the old woman went on.

"And as a reward for being good, I'm going to make you a gift of one of my apples!" Without a further thought, Snow White opened the door just a tiny crack, to take the apple.

"There! Now isn't that a nice apple?" Snow White bit into the fruit, and as she did, fell to the ground in a faint: the effect of the terrible poison left her lifeless instantaneously.

Now chuckling evilly, the wicked stepmother hurried off. But as she ran back across the swamp, she tripped and fell into the quicksand. No one heard her cries for help, and she disappeared without a trace.

Meanwhile, the dwarfs came out of the mine to find the sky had grown dark and stormy. Loud thunder echoed through the valleys and streaks of lightning ripped the sky. Worried about Snow White they ran as quickly as they could down the mountain to the cottage.

There they found Snow White, lying still and lifeless, the poisoned apple by her side. They did their best to bring her around, but it was no use.

They wept and wept for a long time. Then they laid her on a bed of rose petals, carried her into the forest and put her in a crystal coffin.

Each day they laid a flower there.

Then one evening, they discovered a strange young man admiring Snow White's lovely face through the glass. After listening to the story, the Prince (for he was a prince!) made a suggestion.

"If you allow me to take her to the Castle, I'll call in famous doctors to waken her from this peculiar sleep. She's so lovely I'd love to kiss her!" He did, and as though by magic, the Prince's kiss broke the spell. To everyone's astonishment, Snow White opened her eyes. She had amazingly come back to life! Now in love, the Prince asked Snow White to marry him, and the dwarfs reluctantly had to say good bye to Snow White.

From that day on, Snow White lived happily in a great castle. But from time to time, she was drawn back to visit the little cottage down in the forest.
Beauty and the Beast
Once upon a time as a merchant set off for market, he asked each of his three daughters what she would like as a present on his return. The first daughter wanted a brocade dress, the second a pearl necklace, but the third, whose name was Beauty, the youngest, prettiest and sweetest of them all, said to her father:

"All I'd like is a rose you've picked specially for me!"

When the merchant had finished his business, he set off for home. However, a sudden storm blew up, and his horse could hardly make headway in the howling gale. Cold and weary, the merchant had lost all hope of reaching an inn when he suddenly noticed a bright light shining in the middle of a wood. As he drew near, he saw that it was a castle, bathed in light.

"I hope I'll find shelter there for the night," he said to himself. When he reached the door, he saw it was open, but though he shouted, nobody came to greet him. Plucking up courage, he went inside, still calling out to attract attention. On a table in the main hall, a splendid dinner lay already served. The merchant lingered, still shouting for the owner of the castle. But no one
came, and so the starving merchant sat down to a hearty meal.

Overcome by curiosity, he ventured upstairs, where the corridor led into magnificent rooms and halls. A fire crackled in the first room and a soft bed looked very inviting. It was now late, and the merchant could not resist. He lay down on the bed and fell fast asleep. When he woke next morning, an unknown hand had placed a mug of steaming coffee and some fruit by his bedside.

The merchant had breakfast and after tidying himself up, went downstairs to thank his generous host. But, as on the evening before, there was nobody in sight. Shaking his head in wonder at the strangeness of it all, he went towards the garden where he had left his horse, tethered to a tree. Suddenly, a large rose bush caught his eye.

Remembering his promise to Beauty, he bent down to pick a rose. Instantly, out of the rose garden, sprang a horrible beast, wearing splendid clothes. Two bloodshot eyes, gleaming angrily, glared at him and a deep, terrifying voice growled: "Ungrateful man! I gave you shelter, you ate at my table and slept in my own bed, but now all the thanks I get is the theft of my favorite flowers! I shall put you to death for this slight!" Trembling with fear, the merchant fell on his knees before the Beast.

"Forgive me! Forgive me! Don't kill me! I'll do anything you say! The rose wasn't for me, it was for my daughter Beauty. I promised to bring her back a rose from my journey!" The Beast dropped the paw it had clamped on the unhappy merchant.

"I shall spare your life, but on one condition, that you bring me your daughter!" The terror-stricken merchant, faced with certain death if he did not obey, promised that he would do so. When he reached home in tears, his three daughters ran to greet him. After he had told them of his dreadful adventure, Beauty put his mind at rest immediately.

"Dear father, I'd do anything for you! Don't worry, you'll be able to keep your promise and save your life! Take me to the castle. I'll stay there in your place!" The merchant hugged his daughter.

"I never did doubt your love for me. For the moment I can only thank you for saving my life." So Beauty was led to the castle. The Beast, however, had quite an unexpected greeting for the girl. Instead of menacing doom as it had done with her father, it was surprisingly pleasant.

In the beginning, Beauty was frightened of the Beast, and shuddered at the sight of it. Then she found that, in spite of the monster's awful head, her horror of it was gradually fading as time went by. She had one of the finest rooms in the Castle, and sat for hours, embroidering in front of the fire. And the Beast would sit, for hours on end, only a short distance away, silently gazing at her. Then it started to say a few kind words, till in the end, Beauty was amazed to discover that she was actually enjoying its conversation. The days passed, and Beauty and the Beast became good friends. Then one day, the Beast asked the girl to be his wife.

Taken by surprise, Beauty did not know what to say. Marry such an ugly monster? She would rather die! But she did not want to hurt the feelings of one who, after all, had been kind to her. And she remembered too that she owed it her own life as well as her father's.

"I really can't say yes," she began shakily. "I'd so much like to..." The Beast interrupted her with an abrupt gesture.

"I quite understand! And I'm not offended by your refusal!" Life went on as usual, and nothing further was said. One day, the Beast presented Beauty with a magnificent magic mirror. When Beauty peeped into it, she could see her family, far away.

"You won't feel so lonely now," were the words that accompanied the gift. Beauty stared for hours at her distant family. Then she began to feel worried. One day, the Beast found her weeping beside the magic mirror.

"What's wrong?" he asked, kindly as always.

"My father is gravely ill and close to dying! Oh, how I wish I could see him again, before it's too late!" But the Beast only shook its head.

"No! You will never leave this castle!" And off it stalked in a rage. However, a little later, it returned and spoke solemnly to the girl.

"If you swear that you will return here in seven days time, I'll let you go and visit your father!" Beauty threw herself at the Beast's feet in delight.

"I swear! I swear I will! How kind you are! You've made a loving daughter so happy!" In reality, the merchant had fallen ill from a broken heart at knowing his daughter was being kept prisoner. When he embraced her again, he was soon on the road to recovery. Beauty stayed beside him for hours on end, describing her life at the Castle, and explaining that the Beast was really
good and kind. The days flashed past, and at last the merchant was able to leave his bed. He was completely well again. Beauty was happy at last. However, she had failed to notice that seven days had gone by.

Then one night she woke from a terrible nightmare. She had dreamt that the Beast was dying and calling for her, twisting in agony.

"Come back! Come back to me!" it was pleading. The solemn promise she had made drove her to leave home immediately.

"Hurry! Hurry, good horse!" she said, whipping her steed onwards towards the castle, afraid that she might arrive too late. She rushed up the stairs, calling, but there was no reply. Her heart in her mouth, Beauty ran into the garden and there crouched the Beast, its eyes shut, as though dead. Beauty threw herself at it and hugged it tightly.

"Don't die! Don't die! I'll marry you . . ." At these words, a miracle took place. The Beast's ugly snout turned magically into the face of a handsome young man.

"How I've been longing for this moment!" he said. "I was suffering in silence, and couldn't tell my frightful secret. An evil witch turned me into a monster and only the love of a maiden willing to accept me as I was, could transform me back into my real self. My dearest! I'll be so happy if you'll marry me."

The wedding took place shortly after and, from that day on, the young Prince would have nothing but roses in his gardens. And that's why, to this day, the castle is known as the Castle of the Rose.



The Ugly Duckling
Once upon a time down on an old farm, lived a duck family, and Mother Duck had been sitting on a clutch of new eggs. One nice morning, the eggs hatched and out popped six chirpy ducklings. But one egg was bigger than the rest, and it didn't hatch. Mother Duck couldn't recall laying that seventh egg. How did it get there? TOCK! TOCK! The little prisoner was pecking inside his shell.

"Did I count the eggs wrongly?" Mother Duck wondered. But before she had time to think about it, the last egg finally hatched. A strange looking duckling with gray feathers that should have been yellow gazed at a worried mother. The ducklings grew quickly, but Mother Duck had a secret worry.

"I can't understand how this ugly duckling can be one of mine!" she said to herself, shaking her head as she looked at her last born. Well, the gray duckling certainly wasn't pretty, and since he ate far more than his brothers, he was outgrowing them. As the days went by, the poor ugly duckling became more and more unhappy. His brothers didn't want to play with him, he was so
clumsy, and all the farmyard folks simply laughed at him. He felt sad and lonely, while Mother Duck did her best to console him.

"Poor little ugly duckling!" she would say. "Why are you so different from the others?" And the ugly duckling felt worse than ever. He secretly wept at night. He felt nobody wanted him.

"Nobody loves me, they all tease me! Why am I different from my brothers?"

Then one day, at sunrise, he ran away from the farmyard. He stopped at a pond and began to question all the other birds. "Do you know of any ducklings with gray feathers like mine?" But everyone shook their heads in scorn.

"We don't know anyone as ugly as you." The ugly duckling did not lose heart, however, and kept on making inquiries. He went to another pond, where a pair of large geese gave him the same answer to his question. What's more, they warned him: "Don't stay here! Go away! It's dangerous. There are men with guns around here!" The duckling was sorry he had ever left the farmyard.

Then one day, his travels took him near an old countrywoman's cottage. Thinking he was a stray goose, she caught him.

"I'll put this in a hutch. I hope it's a female and lays plenty of eggs!" said the old woman, whose eyesight was poor. But the ugly duckling laid not a single egg. The hen kept frightening him.

"Just wait! If you don't lay eggs, the old woman will wring your neck and pop you into the pot!" And the cat chipped in: "Hee! Hee! I hope the woman cooks you, then I can gnaw at your bones!" The poor ugly duckling was so scared that he lost his appetite, though the old woman kept stuffing him with food and grumbling: "If you won't lay eggs, at least hurry up and get plump!"

"Oh, dear me!" moaned the now terrified duckling. "I'll die of fright first! And I did so hope someone would love me!"

Then one night, finding the hutch door ajar, he escaped. Once again he was all alone. He fled as far away as he could, and at dawn, he found himself in a thick bed of reeds. "If nobody wants me, I'll hid here forever." There was plenty a food, and the duckling began to feel a little happier, though he was lonely. One day at sunrise, he saw a flight of beautiful birds wing overhead. White, with long slender necks, yellow beaks and large wings, they were migrating south.

"If only I could look like them, just for a day!" said the duckling, admiringly. Winter came and the water in the reed bed froze. The poor duckling left home to seek food in the snow. He dropped exhausted to the ground, but a farmer found him and put him in his big jacket pocket.

"I'll take him home to my children. They'll look after him. Poor thing, he's frozen!" The duckling was showered with kindly care at the farmer's house. In this way, the ugly duckling was able to survive the bitterly cold winter.

However, by springtime, he had grown so big that the farmer decided: "I'll set him free by the pond!" That was when the duckling saw himself mirrored in the water.

"Goodness! How I've changed! I hardly recognize myself!" The flight of swans winged north again and glided on to the pond. When the duckling saw them, he realized he was one of their kind, and soon made friends.

"We're swans like you!" they said, warmly. "Where have you been hiding?"

"It's a long story," replied the young swan, still astounded. Now, he swam majestically with his fellow swans. One day, he heard children on the river bank exclaim: "Look at that young swan! He's the finest of them all!"

And he almost burst with happiness.





Selengkapnya...

THE LITTLE MERMAID

THE LITTLE MERMAID
Long ago there lived a Sea King in a coral palace that was very deep at the bottom of a sea. He had six mermaid daughters. While the five of his them were very happy, the youngest of the princess was unhappy. She did not smile even once.
The Little Mermaid loved the world above the sea. She often swam to the surface of the sea and stared at the brilliant blue sky, the luminous yellow sun and the green trees of the distant land. She used to feel sad when the time to get back home came. She felt that without the wonders of the earth and sky, she could never be happy.




Beautiful fish, waving plant fronds, shells of various sizes and shapes and many other wondrous things of the sea, failed to satisfy her. Not even the amusing stories told by her father or the funny tricks of her sisters could make her happy or extract a smile.
In the middle of a night, the Little Mermaid left her home and came to the surface, secretly. In the dark and stormy night, the wind wailed and the high waves crashed wildly against the rocks on the shore. A flash of lightning threw light on a ship rolling and pitching on the high seas. Beside the ship a young man was signaling for help.

The little Mermaid immediately headed towards him and rescued. She brought him to the shore and rested him gently against a rock. She fell in love with this young man, the most handsome, she had ever seen. Seeing the approach of a beautiful young girl, after the storm subsided, the Little Mermaid left the surface and reached the palace
at the bottom of the ocean.

The first thing the young man saw when he opened his eyes was the beautiful girl with lovely hair. He was very grateful to her, thinking that it was she who rescued him. This beautiful girl was a princess and witnessed the rescue act from the window above. She took him to her palace where the young man changed his clothes.

The little Mermaid always thought of the young man. She asked the Magic Witch of the Seashore to grant her a wish. That she should be free of her shiny fish tail so that she could walk and dance on the land. Listening carefully and without saying anything, the witch stirred her magic potions in a large black cauldron.

The witch agreed to grant her the wish on a condition. That the little Mermaid will be able to walk and dance, but not talk and sing. She would lose the power of her speech. The Mermaid agreed and was soon transformed into a beautiful girl, wearing splendid clothes.
The little Mermaid reached the royal palace feeling that the young man would recognize her as the rescuer. A grand ball was being held in the palace. Not knowing anything about the girl, the palace guards did not allow her inside. Neither could she say anything about herself.
Listening to the gay music coming from the palace, the little Mermaid started dancing merrily. Seeing her beautiful dance, the guard allowed her inside the palace.

Bright lamps lit the garden where the air was filled with music and laughter. Even as she was dancing she was searching for her man and finally found him to be sitting on the throne. He was the prince of the kingdom. Beside him, sat the beautiful princess with lovely hair. He said that the Little Mermaid danced wonderfully, without knowing that it was she who rescued him.

Then came an announcement from the King. Thinking that girl who sat beside him rescued him; he declared that he would be marrying her. That announcement left the princess in tears. She ran out of the palace and reached the edge of the sea.
Sad about what happened to her, she entered the sea again to live beneath the sea for the rest of her life.
It is believed that the said Little Mermaid still visits the place where she first saw the handsome young price.


















Sleeping Beauty
(Little Briar Rose)
A long time ago there were a king and queen who said every day, "Ah, if only we had a child," but they never had one.
But it happened that once when the queen was bathing, a frog crept out of the water on to the land, and said to her, "Your wish shall be fulfilled, before a year has gone by, you shall have a daughter."

What the frog had said came true, and the queen had a little girl who was so pretty that the king could not contain himself for joy, and ordered a great feast. He invited not only his kindred, friends and acquaintances, but also the wise women, in order that they might be kind and well disposed towards the child. There were thirteen of them in his kingdom, but, as he had only twelve golden plates for them to eat out of, one of them had to be left at home.

The feast was held with all manner of splendor and when it came to an end the wise women bestowed their magic gifts upon the baby - one gave virtue, another beauty, a third riches, and so on with everything in the world that one can wish for.

When eleven of them had made their promises, suddenly the thirteenth came in. She wished to avenge herself for not having been invited, and without greeting, or even looking at anyone, she cried with a loud voice, "The king's daughter shall in her fifteenth year prick herself with a spindle, and fall down dead." And, without saying a word more, she turned round and left the room.

They were all shocked, but the twelfth, whose good wish still remained unspoken, came forward, and as she could not undo the evil sentence, but only soften it, she said, it shall not be death, but a deep sleep of a hundred years, into which the princess shall fall.

The king, who would fain keep his dear child from the misfortune, gave orders that every spindle in the whole kingdom should be burnt. Meanwhile the gifts of the wise women were plenteously fulfilled on the young girl, for she was so beautiful, modest, good-natured, and wise, that everyone who saw her was bound to love her.

It happened that on the very day when she was fifteen years old, the king and queen were not at home, and the maiden was left in the palace quite alone. So she went round into all sorts of places, looked into rooms and bed-chambers just as she liked, and at last came to an old tower. She climbed up the narrow winding staircase, and reached a little door. A rusty key was in the lock, and when she turned it the door sprang open, and there in a little room sat an old woman with a spindle, busily spinning her flax.

"Good day, old mother," said the king's daughter, "what are you doing there?"

"I am spinning," said the old woman, and nodded her head.

"What sort of thing is that, that rattles round so merrily," said the girl, and she took the spindle and wanted to spin too. But scarcely had she touched the spindle when the magic decree was fulfilled, and she pricked her finger with it.

And, in the very moment when she felt the prick, she fell down upon the bed that stood there, and lay in a deep sleep. And this sleep extended over the whole palace, the king and queen who had just come home, and had entered the great hall, began to go to sleep, and the whole of the court with them. The horses, too, went to sleep in the stable, the dogs in the yard, the pigeons upon the roof, the flies on the wall, even the fire that was flaming on the hearth became quiet and slept, the roast meat left off frizzling, and the cook, who was just going to pull the hair of the scullery boy, because he had forgotten something, let him go, and went to sleep. And the wind fell, and on the trees before the castle not a leaf moved again.

But round about the castle there began to grow a hedge of thorns, which every year became higher, and at last grew close up round the castle and all over it, so that there was nothing of it to be seen, not even the flag upon the roof. But the story of the beautiful sleeping Briar Rose, for so the princess was named, went about the country, so that from time to time kings' sons came and tried to get through the thorny hedge into the castle. But they found it impossible, for the thorns held fast together, as if they had hands, and the youths were caught in them, could not get loose again, and died a miserable death.

After long, long years a king's son came again to that country, and heard an old man talking about the thorn hedge, and that a castle was said to stand behind it in which a wonderfully beautiful princess, named Briar Rose, had been asleep for a hundred years, and that the king and queen and the whole court were asleep likewise. He had heard, too, from his grandfather, that many kings, sons had already come, and had tried to get through the thorny hedge, but they had remained sticking fast in it, and had died a pitiful death.

Then the youth said, "I am not afraid, I will go and see the beautiful Briar Rose." The good old man might dissuade him as he would, he did not listen to his words.

But by this time the hundred years had just passed, and the day had come when Briar Rose was to awake again. When the king's son came near to the thorn hedge, it was nothing but large and beautiful flowers, which parted from each other of their own accord, and let him pass unhurt, then they closed again behind him like a hedge. In the castle yard he saw the horses and the spotted hounds lying asleep, on the roof sat the pigeons with their heads under their wings. And when he entered the house, the flies were asleep upon the wall, the cook in the kitchen was still holding out his hand to seize the boy, and the maid was sitting by the black hen which she was going to pluck.

He went on farther, and in the great hall he saw the whole of the court lying asleep, and up by the throne lay the king and queen. Then he went on still farther, and all was so quiet that a breath could be heard, and at last he came to the tower, and opened the door into the little room where Briar Rose was sleeping.

There she lay, so beautiful that he could not turn his eyes away, and he stooped down and gave her a kiss. But as soon as he kissed her, Briar Rose opened her eyes and awoke, and looked at him quite sweetly.

Then they went down together, and the king awoke, and the queen, and the whole court, and looked at each other in great astonishment. And the horses in the courtyard stood up and shook themselves, the hounds jumped up and wagged their tails, the pigeons upon the roof pulled out their heads from under their wings, looked round, and flew into the open country, the flies on the wall crept again, the fire in the kitchen burned up and flickered and cooked the meat, the joint began to turn and sizzle again, and the cook gave the boy such a box on the ear that he screamed, and the maid finished plucking the fowl.

And then the marriage of the king's son with Briar Rose was celebrated with all splendor, and they lived contented to the end of their days.









Little Red Riding Hood
Once upon a time in the middle of a thick forest stood a small cottage, the home of a pretty little girl known to everyone as Little Red Riding Hood. One day, her Mummy waved her goodbye at the garden gate, saying: "Grandma is ill. Take her this basket of cakes, but be very careful. Keep to the path through the wood and don't ever stop. That way, you will come to no harm."

Little Red Riding Hood kissed her mother and ran off. "Don't worry," she said, "I'll run all the way to Grandma's without stopping."

Full of good intentions, the little girl made her way through the wood, but she was soon to forget her mother's wise words. "What lovely strawberries! And so red."

Laying her basket on the ground, Little Red Riding Hood bent over the strawberry plants. "They're nice and ripe, and so big! Yummy! Delicious! Just another one. And one more. This is the last. Well, this one Mmmm."

The red fruit peeped invitingly through the leaves in the grassy glade, and Little Red Riding Hood ran back and forth popping strawberries into her mouth. Suddenly she remembered her mother, her promise, Grandma and the basket and hurried back towards the path. The basket was still in the grass and, humming to herself, Little Red Riding Hood walked on.

The wood became thicker and thicker. Suddenly a yellow butterfly fluttered down through the trees. Little Red Riding Hood started to chase the butterfly.

"I'll catch you! I'll catch you!" she called. Suddenly she saw some large daisies in the grass.

"Oh, how sweet!" she exclaimed and, thinking of Grandma, she picked a large bunch of flowers.

In the meantime, two wicked eyes were spying on her from behind a tree a strange rustling in the woods made Little Red Riding Hood's heart thump.

Now quite afraid she said to herself. "I must find the path and run away from here!"

At last she reached the path again but her heart leapt into her mouth at the sound of a gruff voice which said: "Where are you going, my pretty girl, all alone in the woods?"

"I'm taking Grandma some cakes. She lives at the end of the path," said Little Riding Hood in a faint voice.

When he heard this, the wolf (for it was the big bad wolf himself) politely asked: "Does Grandma live by herself?"

"Oh, yes," replied Little Red Riding Hood, "and she never opens the door to strangers!"

"Goodbye. Perhaps we'll meet again," replied the wolf. Then he loped away thinking to himself "I'll gobble the grandmother first, then lie in wait for the grandchild!" At last, the cottage came in sight. Knock! Knock! The wolf rapped on the door.

"Who's there?" cried Grandma from her bed.

"It's me, Little Red Riding Hood. I've brought you some cakes because you're ill," replied the wolf, trying hard to hide his gruff voice.

"Lift the latch and come in," said Grandma, unaware of anything amiss, till a horrible shadow appeared on the wall. Poor Grandma! For in one bound, the wolf leapt across the room and, in a single mouthful, swallowed the old lady. Soon after, Little Red Riding Hood tapped on the door.

"Grandma, can I come in?" she called.

Now, the wolf had put on the old lady's shawl and cap and slipped into the bed. Trying to imitate Grandma's quavering little voice, he replied: "Open the latch and come in!

"What a deep voice you have," said the little girl in surprise.

"The better to greet you with," said the wolf.

"Goodness, what big eyes you have."

"The better to see you with."

"And what big hands you have!" exclaimed Little Red Riding Hood, stepping over to the bed.

"The better to hug you with," said the wolf.

"What a big mouth you have," the little girl murmured in a weak voice.

"The better to eat you with!" growled the wolf, and jumping out of bed, he swallowed her up too. Then, with a fat full tummy, he fell fast asleep.

In the meantime, a hunter had emerged from the wood, and on noticing the cottage, he decided to stop and ask for a drink. He had spent a lot of time trying to catch a large wolf that had been terrorizing the neighborhood, but had lost its tracks. The hunter could hear a strange whistling sound; it seemed to be coming from inside the cottage. He peered through the window and saw the large wolf himself, with a fat full tummy, snoring away in Grandma's bed.

"The wolf! He won't get away this time!"

Without making a sound, the hunter carefully loaded his gun and gently opened the window. He pointed the barrel straight at the wolf's head and BANG! The wolf was dead.

"Got you at last!" shouted the hunter in glee. "You'll never frighten anyone again.

He cut open the wolf's stomach and to his amazement, out popped Grandma and Little Red Riding Hood, safe and unharmed.

"You arrived just in time," murmured the old lady, quite overcome by all the excitement.

"It's safe to go home now," the hunter told Little Red Riding Hood. "The big bad wolf is dead and gone, and there is no danger on the path.

Still scared, the little girl hugged her grandmother. Oh, what a dreadful fright!"

Much later, as dusk was falling, Little Red Riding Hood's mother arrived, all out of breath, worried because her little girl had not come home. And when she saw Little Red Riding Hood, safe and sound, she burst into tears of joy.

After thanking the hunter again, Little Red Riding Hood and her mother set off towards the wood. As they walked quickly through the trees, the little girl told her mother: "We must always keep to the path and never stop. That way, we come to no harm!"





The Three Little Pigs
Once upon a time there were three little pigs, who left their mummy and daddy to see the world.

All summer long, they roamed through the woods and over the plains, playing games and having fun. None were happier than the three little pigs, and they easily made friends with everyone. Wherever they went, they were given a warm welcome, but as summer drew to a close, they realized that folk were drifting back to their usual jobs, and preparing for winter. Autumn came and it began to rain. The three little pigs started to feel they needed a real home. Sadly they knew that the fun was over now and they must set to work like the others, or they'd be left in the cold and rain, with no roof over their heads. They talked about what to do, but each decided for himself. The laziest little pig said he'd build a straw hut.

"It will only take a day,' he said. The others disagreed.

"It's too fragile," they said disapprovingly, but he refused to listen. Not quite so lazy, the second little pig went in search of planks of seasoned wood.

"Clunk! Clunk! Clunk!" It took him two days to nail them together. But the third little pig did not like the wooden house.

"That's not the way to build a house!" he said. "It takes time, patience and hard work to build a house that is strong enough to stand up to wind, rain, and snow, and most of all, protect us from the wolf!"

The days went by, and the wisest little pig's house took shape, brick by brick. From time to time, his brothers visited him, saying with a chuckle.

"Why are you working so hard? Why don't you come and play?" But the stubborn bricklayer pig just said "no".

"I shall finish my house first. It must be solid and sturdy. And then I'll come and play!" he said. "I shall not be foolish like you! For he who laughs last, laughs longest!"

It was the wisest little pig that found the tracks of a big wolf in the neighborhood.

The little pigs rushed home in alarm. Along came the wolf, scowling fiercely at the laziest pig's straw hut.

"Come out!" ordered the wolf, his mouth watering. I want to speak to you!"

"I'd rather stay where I am!" replied the little pig in a tiny voice.

"I'll make you come out!" growled the wolf angrily, and puffing out his chest, he took a very deep breath. Then he blew with all his might, right onto the house. And all the straw the silly pig had heaped against some thin poles, fell down in the great blast. Excited by his own cleverness, the wolf did not notice that the little pig had slithered out from underneath the heap of straw, and was dashing towards his brother's wooden house. When he realized that the little pig was escaping, the wolf grew wild with rage.

"Come back!" he roared, trying to catch the pig as he ran into the wooden house. The other little pig greeted his brother, shaking like a leaf.

"I hope this house won't fall down! Let's lean against the door so he can't break in!"

Outside, the wolf could hear the little pigs' words. Starving as he was, at the idea of a two course meal, he rained blows on the door.

"Open up! Open up! I only want to speak to you!"

Inside, the two brothers wept in fear and did their best to hold the door fast against the blows. Then the furious wolf braced himself a new effort: he drew in a really enormous breath, and went ... WHOOOOO! The wooden house collapsed like a pack of cards.

Luckily, the wisest little pig had been watching the scene from the window of his own brick house, and he rapidly opened the door to his fleeing brothers. And not a moment too soon, for the wolf was already hammering furiously on the door. This time, the wolf had grave doubts. This house had a much more solid air than the others. He blew once, he blew again and then for a third time. But all was in vain. For the house did not budge an inch. The three little pigs watched him and their fear began to fade. Quite exhausted by his efforts, the wolf decided to try one of his tricks. He scrambled up a nearby ladder, on to the roof to have a look at the chimney. However, the wisest little pig had seen this ploy, and he quickly said.

"Quick! Light the fire!" With his long legs thrust down the chimney, the wolf was not sure if he should slide down the black hole. It wouldn't be easy to get in, but the sound of the little pigs' voices below only made him feel hungrier.

"I'm dying of hunger! I'm going to try and get down." And he let himself drop. But landing was rather hot, too hot! The wolf landed in the fire, stunned by his fall.

The flames licked his hairy coat and his tail became a flaring torch.

"Never again! Never again will I go down a chimney" he squealed, as he tried to put out the flames in his tail. Then he ran away as fast as he could.

The three happy little pigs, dancing round and round the yard, began to sing. "Tra-la-la! Tra-la-la! The wicked black wolf will never come back...!"

From that terrible day on, the wisest little pig's brothers set to work with a will. In less than no time, up went the two new brick houses. The wolf did return once to roam in the neighborhood, but when he caught sight of three chimneys, he remembered the terrible pain of a burnt tail, and he left for good.

Now safe and happy, the wisest little pig called to his brothers. "No more work! Come on, let's go and play!"

















Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Once upon a time in a great castle, a Prince's daughter grew up happy and contented, in spite of a jealous stepmother. She was very pretty, with blue eyes and long black hair. Her skin was delicate and fair, and so she was called Snow White. Everyone was quite sure she would become very beautiful. Though her stepmother was a wicked woman, she too was very beautiful, and the magic mirror told her this every day, whenever she asked it.

"Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the loveliest lady in the land?" The reply was always; "You are, your Majesty," until the dreadful day when she heard it say, "Snow White is the loveliest in the land." The stepmother was furious and, wild with jealousy, began plotting to get rid of her rival. Calling one of her trusty servants, she bribed him with a rich reward to take Snow White into the forest, far away from the Castle. Then, unseen, he was to put her to death. The greedy servant, attracted to the reward, agreed to do this deed, and he led the innocent little girl away. However, when they came to the fatal spot, the man's courage failed him and, leaving Snow White sitting beside a tree, he mumbled an excuse and ran off. Snow White was all alone in the forest.

Night came, but the servant did not return. Snow White, alone in the dark forest, began to cry bitterly. She thought she could feel terrible eyes spying on her, and she heard strange sounds and rustlings that made her heart thump. At last, overcome by tiredness, she fell asleep curled under a tree.

Snow White slept fitfully, wakening from time to time with a start and staring into the darkness round her. Several times, she thought she felt something, or somebody touch her as she slept.

At last, dawn woke the forest to the song of the birds, and Snow White too, awoke. A whole world was stirring to life and the little girl was glad to see how silly her fears had been. However, the thick trees were like a wall round her, and as she tried to find out where she was, she came upon a path. She walked along it, hopefully. On she walked till she came to a clearing. There stood a strange cottage, with a tiny door, tiny windows and a tiny chimney pot. Everything about the cottage was much tinier than it ought to be. Snow White pushed the door open.

"l wonder who lives here?" she said to herself, peeping round the kitchen. "What tiny plates! And spoons! There must be seven of them, the table's laid for seven people." Upstairs was a bedroom with seven neat little beds. Going back to the kitchen, Snow White had an idea.

"I'll make them something to eat. When they come home, they'll be glad to find a meal ready." Towards dusk, seven tiny men marched homewards singing. But when they opened the door, to their surprise they found a bowl of hot steaming soup on the table, and the whole house spick and span. Upstairs was Snow White, fast asleep on one of the beds. The chief dwarf prodded her gently.

"Who are you?" he asked. Snow White told them her sad story, and tears sprang to the dwarfs' eyes. Then one of them said, as he noisily blew his nose:

"Stay here with us!"

"Hooray! Hooray!" they cheered, dancing joyfully round the little girl. The dwarfs said to Snow White:

"You can live here and tend to the house while we're down the mine. Don't worry about your stepmother leaving you in the forest. We love you and we'll take care of you!" Snow White gratefully accepted their hospitality, and next morning the dwarfs set off for work. But they warned Snow White not to open the door to strangers.

Meanwhile, the servant had returned to the castle, with the heart of a roe deer. He gave it to the cruel stepmother, telling her it belonged to Snow White, so that he could claim the reward. Highly pleased, the stepmother turned again to the magic mirror. But her hopes were dashed, for the mirror replied: "The loveliest in the land is still Snow White, who lives in the seven dwarfs' cottage, down in the forest." The stepmother was beside herself with rage.

"She must die! She must die!" she screamed. Disguising herself as an old peasant woman, she put a poisoned apple with the others in her basket. Then, taking the quickest way into the forest, she crossed the swamp at the edge of the trees. She reached the bank unseen, just as Snow White stood waving goodbye to the seven dwarfs on their way to the mine.

Snow White was in the kitchen when she heard the sound at the door: KNOCK! KNOCK!

"Who's there?" she called suspiciously, remembering the dwarfs advice.

"I'm an old peasant woman selling apples," came the reply.

"I don't need any apples, thank you," she replied.

"But they are beautiful apples and ever so juicy!" said the velvety voice from outside the door.

"I'm not supposed to open the door to anyone," said the little girl, who was reluctant to disobey her friends.

"And quite right too! Good girl! If you promised not to open up to strangers, then of course you can't buy. You are a good girl indeed!" Then the old woman went on.

"And as a reward for being good, I'm going to make you a gift of one of my apples!" Without a further thought, Snow White opened the door just a tiny crack, to take the apple.

"There! Now isn't that a nice apple?" Snow White bit into the fruit, and as she did, fell to the ground in a faint: the effect of the terrible poison left her lifeless instantaneously.

Now chuckling evilly, the wicked stepmother hurried off. But as she ran back across the swamp, she tripped and fell into the quicksand. No one heard her cries for help, and she disappeared without a trace.

Meanwhile, the dwarfs came out of the mine to find the sky had grown dark and stormy. Loud thunder echoed through the valleys and streaks of lightning ripped the sky. Worried about Snow White they ran as quickly as they could down the mountain to the cottage.

There they found Snow White, lying still and lifeless, the poisoned apple by her side. They did their best to bring her around, but it was no use.

They wept and wept for a long time. Then they laid her on a bed of rose petals, carried her into the forest and put her in a crystal coffin.

Each day they laid a flower there.

Then one evening, they discovered a strange young man admiring Snow White's lovely face through the glass. After listening to the story, the Prince (for he was a prince!) made a suggestion.

"If you allow me to take her to the Castle, I'll call in famous doctors to waken her from this peculiar sleep. She's so lovely I'd love to kiss her!" He did, and as though by magic, the Prince's kiss broke the spell. To everyone's astonishment, Snow White opened her eyes. She had amazingly come back to life! Now in love, the Prince asked Snow White to marry him, and the dwarfs reluctantly had to say good bye to Snow White.

From that day on, Snow White lived happily in a great castle. But from time to time, she was drawn back to visit the little cottage down in the forest.









THE LITTLE MERMAID
Long ago there lived a Sea King in a coral palace that was very deep at the bottom of a sea. He had six mermaid daughters. While the five of his them were very happy, the youngest of the princess was unhappy. She did not smile even once.
The Little Mermaid loved the world above the sea. She often swam to the surface of the sea and stared at the brilliant blue sky, the luminous yellow sun and the green trees of the distant land. She used to feel sad when the time to get back home came. She felt that without the wonders of the earth and sky, she could never be happy.




Beautiful fish, waving plant fronds, shells of various sizes and shapes and many other wondrous things of the sea, failed to satisfy her. Not even the amusing stories told by her father or the funny tricks of her sisters could make her happy or extract a smile.
In the middle of a night, the Little Mermaid left her home and came to the surface, secretly. In the dark and stormy night, the wind wailed and the high waves crashed wildly against the rocks on the shore. A flash of lightning threw light on a ship rolling and pitching on the high seas. Beside the ship a young man was signaling for help.

The little Mermaid immediately headed towards him and rescued. She brought him to the shore and rested him gently against a rock. She fell in love with this young man, the most handsome, she had ever seen. Seeing the approach of a beautiful young girl, after the storm subsided, the Little Mermaid left the surface and reached the palace
at the bottom of the ocean.

The first thing the young man saw when he opened his eyes was the beautiful girl with lovely hair. He was very grateful to her, thinking that it was she who rescued him. This beautiful girl was a princess and witnessed the rescue act from the window above. She took him to her palace where the young man changed his clothes.

The little Mermaid always thought of the young man. She asked the Magic Witch of the Seashore to grant her a wish. That she should be free of her shiny fish tail so that she could walk and dance on the land. Listening carefully and without saying anything, the witch stirred her magic potions in a large black cauldron.

The witch agreed to grant her the wish on a condition. That the little Mermaid will be able to walk and dance, but not talk and sing. She would lose the power of her speech. The Mermaid agreed and was soon transformed into a beautiful girl, wearing splendid clothes.
The little Mermaid reached the royal palace feeling that the young man would recognize her as the rescuer. A grand ball was being held in the palace. Not knowing anything about the girl, the palace guards did not allow her inside. Neither could she say anything about herself.
Listening to the gay music coming from the palace, the little Mermaid started dancing merrily. Seeing her beautiful dance, the guard allowed her inside the palace.

Bright lamps lit the garden where the air was filled with music and laughter. Even as she was dancing she was searching for her man and finally found him to be sitting on the throne. He was the prince of the kingdom. Beside him, sat the beautiful princess with lovely hair. He said that the Little Mermaid danced wonderfully, without knowing that it was she who rescued him.

Then came an announcement from the King. Thinking that girl who sat beside him rescued him; he declared that he would be marrying her. That announcement left the princess in tears. She ran out of the palace and reached the edge of the sea.
Sad about what happened to her, she entered the sea again to live beneath the sea for the rest of her life.
It is believed that the said Little Mermaid still visits the place where she first saw the handsome young price.


















Sleeping Beauty
(Little Briar Rose)
A long time ago there were a king and queen who said every day, "Ah, if only we had a child," but they never had one.
But it happened that once when the queen was bathing, a frog crept out of the water on to the land, and said to her, "Your wish shall be fulfilled, before a year has gone by, you shall have a daughter."

What the frog had said came true, and the queen had a little girl who was so pretty that the king could not contain himself for joy, and ordered a great feast. He invited not only his kindred, friends and acquaintances, but also the wise women, in order that they might be kind and well disposed towards the child. There were thirteen of them in his kingdom, but, as he had only twelve golden plates for them to eat out of, one of them had to be left at home.

The feast was held with all manner of splendor and when it came to an end the wise women bestowed their magic gifts upon the baby - one gave virtue, another beauty, a third riches, and so on with everything in the world that one can wish for.

When eleven of them had made their promises, suddenly the thirteenth came in. She wished to avenge herself for not having been invited, and without greeting, or even looking at anyone, she cried with a loud voice, "The king's daughter shall in her fifteenth year prick herself with a spindle, and fall down dead." And, without saying a word more, she turned round and left the room.

They were all shocked, but the twelfth, whose good wish still remained unspoken, came forward, and as she could not undo the evil sentence, but only soften it, she said, it shall not be death, but a deep sleep of a hundred years, into which the princess shall fall.

The king, who would fain keep his dear child from the misfortune, gave orders that every spindle in the whole kingdom should be burnt. Meanwhile the gifts of the wise women were plenteously fulfilled on the young girl, for she was so beautiful, modest, good-natured, and wise, that everyone who saw her was bound to love her.

It happened that on the very day when she was fifteen years old, the king and queen were not at home, and the maiden was left in the palace quite alone. So she went round into all sorts of places, looked into rooms and bed-chambers just as she liked, and at last came to an old tower. She climbed up the narrow winding staircase, and reached a little door. A rusty key was in the lock, and when she turned it the door sprang open, and there in a little room sat an old woman with a spindle, busily spinning her flax.

"Good day, old mother," said the king's daughter, "what are you doing there?"

"I am spinning," said the old woman, and nodded her head.

"What sort of thing is that, that rattles round so merrily," said the girl, and she took the spindle and wanted to spin too. But scarcely had she touched the spindle when the magic decree was fulfilled, and she pricked her finger with it.

And, in the very moment when she felt the prick, she fell down upon the bed that stood there, and lay in a deep sleep. And this sleep extended over the whole palace, the king and queen who had just come home, and had entered the great hall, began to go to sleep, and the whole of the court with them. The horses, too, went to sleep in the stable, the dogs in the yard, the pigeons upon the roof, the flies on the wall, even the fire that was flaming on the hearth became quiet and slept, the roast meat left off frizzling, and the cook, who was just going to pull the hair of the scullery boy, because he had forgotten something, let him go, and went to sleep. And the wind fell, and on the trees before the castle not a leaf moved again.

But round about the castle there began to grow a hedge of thorns, which every year became higher, and at last grew close up round the castle and all over it, so that there was nothing of it to be seen, not even the flag upon the roof. But the story of the beautiful sleeping Briar Rose, for so the princess was named, went about the country, so that from time to time kings' sons came and tried to get through the thorny hedge into the castle. But they found it impossible, for the thorns held fast together, as if they had hands, and the youths were caught in them, could not get loose again, and died a miserable death.

After long, long years a king's son came again to that country, and heard an old man talking about the thorn hedge, and that a castle was said to stand behind it in which a wonderfully beautiful princess, named Briar Rose, had been asleep for a hundred years, and that the king and queen and the whole court were asleep likewise. He had heard, too, from his grandfather, that many kings, sons had already come, and had tried to get through the thorny hedge, but they had remained sticking fast in it, and had died a pitiful death.

Then the youth said, "I am not afraid, I will go and see the beautiful Briar Rose." The good old man might dissuade him as he would, he did not listen to his words.

But by this time the hundred years had just passed, and the day had come when Briar Rose was to awake again. When the king's son came near to the thorn hedge, it was nothing but large and beautiful flowers, which parted from each other of their own accord, and let him pass unhurt, then they closed again behind him like a hedge. In the castle yard he saw the horses and the spotted hounds lying asleep, on the roof sat the pigeons with their heads under their wings. And when he entered the house, the flies were asleep upon the wall, the cook in the kitchen was still holding out his hand to seize the boy, and the maid was sitting by the black hen which she was going to pluck.

He went on farther, and in the great hall he saw the whole of the court lying asleep, and up by the throne lay the king and queen. Then he went on still farther, and all was so quiet that a breath could be heard, and at last he came to the tower, and opened the door into the little room where Briar Rose was sleeping.

There she lay, so beautiful that he could not turn his eyes away, and he stooped down and gave her a kiss. But as soon as he kissed her, Briar Rose opened her eyes and awoke, and looked at him quite sweetly.

Then they went down together, and the king awoke, and the queen, and the whole court, and looked at each other in great astonishment. And the horses in the courtyard stood up and shook themselves, the hounds jumped up and wagged their tails, the pigeons upon the roof pulled out their heads from under their wings, looked round, and flew into the open country, the flies on the wall crept again, the fire in the kitchen burned up and flickered and cooked the meat, the joint began to turn and sizzle again, and the cook gave the boy such a box on the ear that he screamed, and the maid finished plucking the fowl.

And then the marriage of the king's son with Briar Rose was celebrated with all splendor, and they lived contented to the end of their days.









Little Red Riding Hood
Once upon a time in the middle of a thick forest stood a small cottage, the home of a pretty little girl known to everyone as Little Red Riding Hood. One day, her Mummy waved her goodbye at the garden gate, saying: "Grandma is ill. Take her this basket of cakes, but be very careful. Keep to the path through the wood and don't ever stop. That way, you will come to no harm."

Little Red Riding Hood kissed her mother and ran off. "Don't worry," she said, "I'll run all the way to Grandma's without stopping."

Full of good intentions, the little girl made her way through the wood, but she was soon to forget her mother's wise words. "What lovely strawberries! And so red."

Laying her basket on the ground, Little Red Riding Hood bent over the strawberry plants. "They're nice and ripe, and so big! Yummy! Delicious! Just another one. And one more. This is the last. Well, this one Mmmm."

The red fruit peeped invitingly through the leaves in the grassy glade, and Little Red Riding Hood ran back and forth popping strawberries into her mouth. Suddenly she remembered her mother, her promise, Grandma and the basket and hurried back towards the path. The basket was still in the grass and, humming to herself, Little Red Riding Hood walked on.

The wood became thicker and thicker. Suddenly a yellow butterfly fluttered down through the trees. Little Red Riding Hood started to chase the butterfly.

"I'll catch you! I'll catch you!" she called. Suddenly she saw some large daisies in the grass.

"Oh, how sweet!" she exclaimed and, thinking of Grandma, she picked a large bunch of flowers.

In the meantime, two wicked eyes were spying on her from behind a tree a strange rustling in the woods made Little Red Riding Hood's heart thump.

Now quite afraid she said to herself. "I must find the path and run away from here!"

At last she reached the path again but her heart leapt into her mouth at the sound of a gruff voice which said: "Where are you going, my pretty girl, all alone in the woods?"

"I'm taking Grandma some cakes. She lives at the end of the path," said Little Riding Hood in a faint voice.

When he heard this, the wolf (for it was the big bad wolf himself) politely asked: "Does Grandma live by herself?"

"Oh, yes," replied Little Red Riding Hood, "and she never opens the door to strangers!"

"Goodbye. Perhaps we'll meet again," replied the wolf. Then he loped away thinking to himself "I'll gobble the grandmother first, then lie in wait for the grandchild!" At last, the cottage came in sight. Knock! Knock! The wolf rapped on the door.

"Who's there?" cried Grandma from her bed.

"It's me, Little Red Riding Hood. I've brought you some cakes because you're ill," replied the wolf, trying hard to hide his gruff voice.

"Lift the latch and come in," said Grandma, unaware of anything amiss, till a horrible shadow appeared on the wall. Poor Grandma! For in one bound, the wolf leapt across the room and, in a single mouthful, swallowed the old lady. Soon after, Little Red Riding Hood tapped on the door.

"Grandma, can I come in?" she called.

Now, the wolf had put on the old lady's shawl and cap and slipped into the bed. Trying to imitate Grandma's quavering little voice, he replied: "Open the latch and come in!

"What a deep voice you have," said the little girl in surprise.

"The better to greet you with," said the wolf.

"Goodness, what big eyes you have."

"The better to see you with."

"And what big hands you have!" exclaimed Little Red Riding Hood, stepping over to the bed.

"The better to hug you with," said the wolf.

"What a big mouth you have," the little girl murmured in a weak voice.

"The better to eat you with!" growled the wolf, and jumping out of bed, he swallowed her up too. Then, with a fat full tummy, he fell fast asleep.

In the meantime, a hunter had emerged from the wood, and on noticing the cottage, he decided to stop and ask for a drink. He had spent a lot of time trying to catch a large wolf that had been terrorizing the neighborhood, but had lost its tracks. The hunter could hear a strange whistling sound; it seemed to be coming from inside the cottage. He peered through the window and saw the large wolf himself, with a fat full tummy, snoring away in Grandma's bed.

"The wolf! He won't get away this time!"

Without making a sound, the hunter carefully loaded his gun and gently opened the window. He pointed the barrel straight at the wolf's head and BANG! The wolf was dead.

"Got you at last!" shouted the hunter in glee. "You'll never frighten anyone again.

He cut open the wolf's stomach and to his amazement, out popped Grandma and Little Red Riding Hood, safe and unharmed.

"You arrived just in time," murmured the old lady, quite overcome by all the excitement.

"It's safe to go home now," the hunter told Little Red Riding Hood. "The big bad wolf is dead and gone, and there is no danger on the path.

Still scared, the little girl hugged her grandmother. Oh, what a dreadful fright!"

Much later, as dusk was falling, Little Red Riding Hood's mother arrived, all out of breath, worried because her little girl had not come home. And when she saw Little Red Riding Hood, safe and sound, she burst into tears of joy.

After thanking the hunter again, Little Red Riding Hood and her mother set off towards the wood. As they walked quickly through the trees, the little girl told her mother: "We must always keep to the path and never stop. That way, we come to no harm!"





The Three Little Pigs
Once upon a time there were three little pigs, who left their mummy and daddy to see the world.

All summer long, they roamed through the woods and over the plains, playing games and having fun. None were happier than the three little pigs, and they easily made friends with everyone. Wherever they went, they were given a warm welcome, but as summer drew to a close, they realized that folk were drifting back to their usual jobs, and preparing for winter. Autumn came and it began to rain. The three little pigs started to feel they needed a real home. Sadly they knew that the fun was over now and they must set to work like the others, or they'd be left in the cold and rain, with no roof over their heads. They talked about what to do, but each decided for himself. The laziest little pig said he'd build a straw hut.

"It will only take a day,' he said. The others disagreed.

"It's too fragile," they said disapprovingly, but he refused to listen. Not quite so lazy, the second little pig went in search of planks of seasoned wood.

"Clunk! Clunk! Clunk!" It took him two days to nail them together. But the third little pig did not like the wooden house.

"That's not the way to build a house!" he said. "It takes time, patience and hard work to build a house that is strong enough to stand up to wind, rain, and snow, and most of all, protect us from the wolf!"

The days went by, and the wisest little pig's house took shape, brick by brick. From time to time, his brothers visited him, saying with a chuckle.

"Why are you working so hard? Why don't you come and play?" But the stubborn bricklayer pig just said "no".

"I shall finish my house first. It must be solid and sturdy. And then I'll come and play!" he said. "I shall not be foolish like you! For he who laughs last, laughs longest!"

It was the wisest little pig that found the tracks of a big wolf in the neighborhood.

The little pigs rushed home in alarm. Along came the wolf, scowling fiercely at the laziest pig's straw hut.

"Come out!" ordered the wolf, his mouth watering. I want to speak to you!"

"I'd rather stay where I am!" replied the little pig in a tiny voice.

"I'll make you come out!" growled the wolf angrily, and puffing out his chest, he took a very deep breath. Then he blew with all his might, right onto the house. And all the straw the silly pig had heaped against some thin poles, fell down in the great blast. Excited by his own cleverness, the wolf did not notice that the little pig had slithered out from underneath the heap of straw, and was dashing towards his brother's wooden house. When he realized that the little pig was escaping, the wolf grew wild with rage.

"Come back!" he roared, trying to catch the pig as he ran into the wooden house. The other little pig greeted his brother, shaking like a leaf.

"I hope this house won't fall down! Let's lean against the door so he can't break in!"

Outside, the wolf could hear the little pigs' words. Starving as he was, at the idea of a two course meal, he rained blows on the door.

"Open up! Open up! I only want to speak to you!"

Inside, the two brothers wept in fear and did their best to hold the door fast against the blows. Then the furious wolf braced himself a new effort: he drew in a really enormous breath, and went ... WHOOOOO! The wooden house collapsed like a pack of cards.

Luckily, the wisest little pig had been watching the scene from the window of his own brick house, and he rapidly opened the door to his fleeing brothers. And not a moment too soon, for the wolf was already hammering furiously on the door. This time, the wolf had grave doubts. This house had a much more solid air than the others. He blew once, he blew again and then for a third time. But all was in vain. For the house did not budge an inch. The three little pigs watched him and their fear began to fade. Quite exhausted by his efforts, the wolf decided to try one of his tricks. He scrambled up a nearby ladder, on to the roof to have a look at the chimney. However, the wisest little pig had seen this ploy, and he quickly said.

"Quick! Light the fire!" With his long legs thrust down the chimney, the wolf was not sure if he should slide down the black hole. It wouldn't be easy to get in, but the sound of the little pigs' voices below only made him feel hungrier.

"I'm dying of hunger! I'm going to try and get down." And he let himself drop. But landing was rather hot, too hot! The wolf landed in the fire, stunned by his fall.

The flames licked his hairy coat and his tail became a flaring torch.

"Never again! Never again will I go down a chimney" he squealed, as he tried to put out the flames in his tail. Then he ran away as fast as he could.

The three happy little pigs, dancing round and round the yard, began to sing. "Tra-la-la! Tra-la-la! The wicked black wolf will never come back...!"

From that terrible day on, the wisest little pig's brothers set to work with a will. In less than no time, up went the two new brick houses. The wolf did return once to roam in the neighborhood, but when he caught sight of three chimneys, he remembered the terrible pain of a burnt tail, and he left for good.

Now safe and happy, the wisest little pig called to his brothers. "No more work! Come on, let's go and play!"

















Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Once upon a time in a great castle, a Prince's daughter grew up happy and contented, in spite of a jealous stepmother. She was very pretty, with blue eyes and long black hair. Her skin was delicate and fair, and so she was called Snow White. Everyone was quite sure she would become very beautiful. Though her stepmother was a wicked woman, she too was very beautiful, and the magic mirror told her this every day, whenever she asked it.

"Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the loveliest lady in the land?" The reply was always; "You are, your Majesty," until the dreadful day when she heard it say, "Snow White is the loveliest in the land." The stepmother was furious and, wild with jealousy, began plotting to get rid of her rival. Calling one of her trusty servants, she bribed him with a rich reward to take Snow White into the forest, far away from the Castle. Then, unseen, he was to put her to death. The greedy servant, attracted to the reward, agreed to do this deed, and he led the innocent little girl away. However, when they came to the fatal spot, the man's courage failed him and, leaving Snow White sitting beside a tree, he mumbled an excuse and ran off. Snow White was all alone in the forest.

Night came, but the servant did not return. Snow White, alone in the dark forest, began to cry bitterly. She thought she could feel terrible eyes spying on her, and she heard strange sounds and rustlings that made her heart thump. At last, overcome by tiredness, she fell asleep curled under a tree.

Snow White slept fitfully, wakening from time to time with a start and staring into the darkness round her. Several times, she thought she felt something, or somebody touch her as she slept.

At last, dawn woke the forest to the song of the birds, and Snow White too, awoke. A whole world was stirring to life and the little girl was glad to see how silly her fears had been. However, the thick trees were like a wall round her, and as she tried to find out where she was, she came upon a path. She walked along it, hopefully. On she walked till she came to a clearing. There stood a strange cottage, with a tiny door, tiny windows and a tiny chimney pot. Everything about the cottage was much tinier than it ought to be. Snow White pushed the door open.

"l wonder who lives here?" she said to herself, peeping round the kitchen. "What tiny plates! And spoons! There must be seven of them, the table's laid for seven people." Upstairs was a bedroom with seven neat little beds. Going back to the kitchen, Snow White had an idea.

"I'll make them something to eat. When they come home, they'll be glad to find a meal ready." Towards dusk, seven tiny men marched homewards singing. But when they opened the door, to their surprise they found a bowl of hot steaming soup on the table, and the whole house spick and span. Upstairs was Snow White, fast asleep on one of the beds. The chief dwarf prodded her gently.

"Who are you?" he asked. Snow White told them her sad story, and tears sprang to the dwarfs' eyes. Then one of them said, as he noisily blew his nose:

"Stay here with us!"

"Hooray! Hooray!" they cheered, dancing joyfully round the little girl. The dwarfs said to Snow White:

"You can live here and tend to the house while we're down the mine. Don't worry about your stepmother leaving you in the forest. We love you and we'll take care of you!" Snow White gratefully accepted their hospitality, and next morning the dwarfs set off for work. But they warned Snow White not to open the door to strangers.

Meanwhile, the servant had returned to the castle, with the heart of a roe deer. He gave it to the cruel stepmother, telling her it belonged to Snow White, so that he could claim the reward. Highly pleased, the stepmother turned again to the magic mirror. But her hopes were dashed, for the mirror replied: "The loveliest in the land is still Snow White, who lives in the seven dwarfs' cottage, down in the forest." The stepmother was beside herself with rage.

"She must die! She must die!" she screamed. Disguising herself as an old peasant woman, she put a poisoned apple with the others in her basket. Then, taking the quickest way into the forest, she crossed the swamp at the edge of the trees. She reached the bank unseen, just as Snow White stood waving goodbye to the seven dwarfs on their way to the mine.

Snow White was in the kitchen when she heard the sound at the door: KNOCK! KNOCK!

"Who's there?" she called suspiciously, remembering the dwarfs advice.

"I'm an old peasant woman selling apples," came the reply.

"I don't need any apples, thank you," she replied.

"But they are beautiful apples and ever so juicy!" said the velvety voice from outside the door.

"I'm not supposed to open the door to anyone," said the little girl, who was reluctant to disobey her friends.

"And quite right too! Good girl! If you promised not to open up to strangers, then of course you can't buy. You are a good girl indeed!" Then the old woman went on.

"And as a reward for being good, I'm going to make you a gift of one of my apples!" Without a further thought, Snow White opened the door just a tiny crack, to take the apple.

"There! Now isn't that a nice apple?" Snow White bit into the fruit, and as she did, fell to the ground in a faint: the effect of the terrible poison left her lifeless instantaneously.

Now chuckling evilly, the wicked stepmother hurried off. But as she ran back across the swamp, she tripped and fell into the quicksand. No one heard her cries for help, and she disappeared without a trace.

Meanwhile, the dwarfs came out of the mine to find the sky had grown dark and stormy. Loud thunder echoed through the valleys and streaks of lightning ripped the sky. Worried about Snow White they ran as quickly as they could down the mountain to the cottage.

There they found Snow White, lying still and lifeless, the poisoned apple by her side. They did their best to bring her around, but it was no use.

They wept and wept for a long time. Then they laid her on a bed of rose petals, carried her into the forest and put her in a crystal coffin.

Each day they laid a flower there.

Then one evening, they discovered a strange young man admiring Snow White's lovely face through the glass. After listening to the story, the Prince (for he was a prince!) made a suggestion.

"If you allow me to take her to the Castle, I'll call in famous doctors to waken her from this peculiar sleep. She's so lovely I'd love to kiss her!" He did, and as though by magic, the Prince's kiss broke the spell. To everyone's astonishment, Snow White opened her eyes. She had amazingly come back to life! Now in love, the Prince asked Snow White to marry him, and the dwarfs reluctantly had to say good bye to Snow White.

From that day on, Snow White lived happily in a great castle. But from time to time, she was drawn back to visit the little cottage down in the forest.









Selengkapnya...

resensi novel

RESENSI NOVEL



Judul : Dua Belas Pendar Bintang
Penerbit : PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Penulis : Alexandra Lerissa- yunadi
Tahun penerbit :2006
Tebal buku :268 Halaman
Cetakan : Pertama




SINOPSIS

Tokoh utama bernama Selma, seorang remaja perempuan yang terus mengingat dongeng yang diceritakan oleh Bundanya saat ia masih kecil. Di mana hati seorang Putri telah tercuri oleh Pangeran yang memberinya lima belas pendar bintang sebagai ganti hati sang Putri.

Selma menganalogikan Putri itu sebagai dirinya, dan sang Pangeran adalah seseorang yang ditakdirkan akan bersamanya suatu saat kelak. Berdasarkan dongeng itu, ia memberi satu syarat bagi orang yang ingin mendekatinya, mempersembahkan lima belas pendar bintang baginya.

Semakin beranjak dewasa, Selma ditertawakan karena masih mempertahankan dongeng itu. Banyak orang menyarankan Selma untuk melupakan dongeng yang terkesan terlalu indah dan tidak akan terwujud di kehidupan nyata.

Hidup berpihak pada Selma ketika ia bertemu Lewi. Selma seakan menemukan Pangeran itu dalam sosok kakak kelasnya yang disebut-sebut sebagai salah satu pria most-wanted di kalangan wanita-wanita. Lewi adalah pria idaman wanta di sekolah Selma. Ketua OSIS, pintar, baik, ganteng, intinya sempurna,tak ayal Selma jatuh hati pada Lewi.

Ruffian, seorang pria yang berusaha menjadi Pangeran bagi sang Putri, tapi selalu ditolak oleh Selma. Sementara Ruffian begitu menyayangi Selma, Selma malah berlaku sebaliknya. Sikap Selma bukanlah tidak beralasan, pasalnya dulu Ruffian pernah menertawakan dongeng yang selalu dipercaya oleh Selma. Sejak saat itu Selma membenci Ruffian dengan segenap hatinya karena menganggap Ruffian tidak peka dan berbuat seenaknya.

cerita akhirnya yang disuguhkan terkesan manis, di mana sang Putri kemudian menemukan Pangerannya, lengkap dengan lima belas pendar bintang yang disyaratkan oleh Selma. Ending demikian mudah ditebak karena sudah umum ditemukan dalam cerita-cerit, yaitu tokoh utama yang membenci tokoh lain di kemudian hari malah jatuh cinta dengan tokoh yang dibencinya.


KEUNGGULAN:

Novel ini ceritanya sangat menarik, melihat cover novel ini membuat seseorang tertarik utuk membacanya, kemudian dilihatdari segi judulnya yang cukup unik yang dapat membuat pembaca bertanya-tanya sehingga penasaran untuk membacanya.
Buku ini membangkitkan imajinasi pembaca,dan seolah-olah ikut terjun dalam crita.

KELEMAHAN:

Bahan yang dignakan dalam novel ini adalah kertas daur ulang sehinga lembarannya berwarna usang.

SARAN:

Semoga saja penulis dapat membuat cerita yan lebih bagus lagi dan lebih menari,karena novel yang berjudul ”Dua Belas Pendar Bintang” ini cukup mengesan kan.


KESIMPULAN:

Sang Putri kemudian menemukan Pangerannya, lengkap dengan lima belas pendar bintang yang disyaratkan oleh Selma.akhirita demikian mudah ditebak karena sudah umum ditemukan dalam cerita-cerita.


PESAN:

Novel ini cukup menghibur untuk dibaca. Mengingatkan kita untuk tidak begitu saja membuang mimpi kita, seaktu kita masih kecil apapun mimpi tersebut. Karena dunia berkembang antara lain karena manusia masih memiliki mimpi yang ingin digapainya. Karena itu, pertahankanlah mimpi Anda dan cobalah untuk mewujudkannya.


http://19bee.blogspot.com/2007/09/daftar-radio-online-streaming-radio.html

RESENSI NOVEL



Judul : Dua Belas Pendar Bintang
Penerbit : PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Penulis : Alexandra Lerissa- yunadi
Tahun penerbit :2006
Tebal buku :268 Halaman
Cetakan : Pertama




SINOPSIS

Tokoh utama bernama Selma, seorang remaja perempuan yang terus mengingat dongeng yang diceritakan oleh Bundanya saat ia masih kecil. Di mana hati seorang Putri telah tercuri oleh Pangeran yang memberinya lima belas pendar bintang sebagai ganti hati sang Putri.

Selma menganalogikan Putri itu sebagai dirinya, dan sang Pangeran adalah seseorang yang ditakdirkan akan bersamanya suatu saat kelak. Berdasarkan dongeng itu, ia memberi satu syarat bagi orang yang ingin mendekatinya, mempersembahkan lima belas pendar bintang baginya.

Semakin beranjak dewasa, Selma ditertawakan karena masih mempertahankan dongeng itu. Banyak orang menyarankan Selma untuk melupakan dongeng yang terkesan terlalu indah dan tidak akan terwujud di kehidupan nyata.

Hidup berpihak pada Selma ketika ia bertemu Lewi. Selma seakan menemukan Pangeran itu dalam sosok kakak kelasnya yang disebut-sebut sebagai salah satu pria most-wanted di kalangan wanita-wanita. Lewi adalah pria idaman wanta di sekolah Selma. Ketua OSIS, pintar, baik, ganteng, intinya sempurna,tak ayal Selma jatuh hati pada Lewi.

Ruffian, seorang pria yang berusaha menjadi Pangeran bagi sang Putri, tapi selalu ditolak oleh Selma. Sementara Ruffian begitu menyayangi Selma, Selma malah berlaku sebaliknya. Sikap Selma bukanlah tidak beralasan, pasalnya dulu Ruffian pernah menertawakan dongeng yang selalu dipercaya oleh Selma. Sejak saat itu Selma membenci Ruffian dengan segenap hatinya karena menganggap Ruffian tidak peka dan berbuat seenaknya.

cerita akhirnya yang disuguhkan terkesan manis, di mana sang Putri kemudian menemukan Pangerannya, lengkap dengan lima belas pendar bintang yang disyaratkan oleh Selma. Ending demikian mudah ditebak karena sudah umum ditemukan dalam cerita-cerit, yaitu tokoh utama yang membenci tokoh lain di kemudian hari malah jatuh cinta dengan tokoh yang dibencinya.


KEUNGGULAN:

Novel ini ceritanya sangat menarik, melihat cover novel ini membuat seseorang tertarik utuk membacanya, kemudian dilihatdari segi judulnya yang cukup unik yang dapat membuat pembaca bertanya-tanya sehingga penasaran untuk membacanya.
Buku ini membangkitkan imajinasi pembaca,dan seolah-olah ikut terjun dalam crita.

KELEMAHAN:

Bahan yang dignakan dalam novel ini adalah kertas daur ulang sehinga lembarannya berwarna usang.

SARAN:

Semoga saja penulis dapat membuat cerita yan lebih bagus lagi dan lebih menari,karena novel yang berjudul ”Dua Belas Pendar Bintang” ini cukup mengesan kan.


KESIMPULAN:

Sang Putri kemudian menemukan Pangerannya, lengkap dengan lima belas pendar bintang yang disyaratkan oleh Selma.akhirita demikian mudah ditebak karena sudah umum ditemukan dalam cerita-cerita.


PESAN:

Novel ini cukup menghibur untuk dibaca. Mengingatkan kita untuk tidak begitu saja membuang mimpi kita, seaktu kita masih kecil apapun mimpi tersebut. Karena dunia berkembang antara lain karena manusia masih memiliki mimpi yang ingin digapainya. Karena itu, pertahankanlah mimpi Anda dan cobalah untuk mewujudkannya.


http://19bee.blogspot.com/2007/09/daftar-radio-online-streaming-radio.html
Selengkapnya...

Manajemen PT HM Sampoerna Tbk. menyesalkan publikasi laporan Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW) yang menyebut HM Sampoerna sebagai pengutang pajak terbesar di Indonesia. Informasi tersebut dinilai menyesatkan dan tidak mendasar.




"PT HM Sampoerna Tbk. memiliki komitmen yang tinggi untuk mentaati seluruh peraturan dan perundangan yang berlaku dalam menjalankan kegiatan usahanya. Hat ini termasuk juga dalam hat kewajiban membayar pajak dan Cukai negara, dimana tata aturan pembayarannya tetah diatur datam Undang-Undang Pajak dan Undang-Undang Cukai sesuai dengan jenis pajaknya," ujar pernyataan yang dirilis Yos Adiguna Ginting Direktur Corporate Affairs PT HM Sampoerna Tbk.

Ia menyatakan laporan keuangan HM Sampoerna telah diberikan kepada BAPEPAM. Dalam Laporan Keuangan Konsolidasi PT HM Sampoerna Tbk. Tahun 2008 pada halaman 5123 mengenai Perpajakan (a. Hutang Pajak dan Cukai), PT HM 5ampoerna Tbk. memiliki kewajiban untuk membayar Pajak dan Cukai 2008 sebesar Rp 3.455.714:000.000 (Tiga Triliun Empat Ratus Lima Puluh Lima Miliar Tujuh Ratus Empat Belas Juta Rupiah).

"Sesuai ketentuan Pemerintah Indonesia mengenai tanggat jatuh tempo masing-masing jenis pajak, bersama ini manajemen PT HM Sampoerna Tbk. menegaskan bahwa perusahaan telah membayar seluruh kewajiban Hutang Pajak dan Cukai tersebut di atas pada tanggat 31 Maret 2009," lanjut pernyataan tersebut.

Ia mengatakan pihaknya menghargai tugas dan kewajiban ICW, namun menghimbau kepada pihak-pihak terkait untuk mempelajari permasalahan dan melakukan konfirmasi terlebih dahulu sebelum melansir data atau informasi agar tidak menimbulkan pemberitaan yang menyesatkan sehingga merugikan satu dan lain pihak. Pihaknya mengaku telah melakukan klarifikasi langsung kepada ICW dan menyampaikan hal tersebut pada Sabtu kemarin.

Manajemen PT HM Sampoerna Tbk. menyesalkan publikasi laporan Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW) yang menyebut HM Sampoerna sebagai pengutang pajak terbesar di Indonesia. Informasi tersebut dinilai menyesatkan dan tidak mendasar.




"PT HM Sampoerna Tbk. memiliki komitmen yang tinggi untuk mentaati seluruh peraturan dan perundangan yang berlaku dalam menjalankan kegiatan usahanya. Hat ini termasuk juga dalam hat kewajiban membayar pajak dan Cukai negara, dimana tata aturan pembayarannya tetah diatur datam Undang-Undang Pajak dan Undang-Undang Cukai sesuai dengan jenis pajaknya," ujar pernyataan yang dirilis Yos Adiguna Ginting Direktur Corporate Affairs PT HM Sampoerna Tbk.

Ia menyatakan laporan keuangan HM Sampoerna telah diberikan kepada BAPEPAM. Dalam Laporan Keuangan Konsolidasi PT HM Sampoerna Tbk. Tahun 2008 pada halaman 5123 mengenai Perpajakan (a. Hutang Pajak dan Cukai), PT HM 5ampoerna Tbk. memiliki kewajiban untuk membayar Pajak dan Cukai 2008 sebesar Rp 3.455.714:000.000 (Tiga Triliun Empat Ratus Lima Puluh Lima Miliar Tujuh Ratus Empat Belas Juta Rupiah).

"Sesuai ketentuan Pemerintah Indonesia mengenai tanggat jatuh tempo masing-masing jenis pajak, bersama ini manajemen PT HM Sampoerna Tbk. menegaskan bahwa perusahaan telah membayar seluruh kewajiban Hutang Pajak dan Cukai tersebut di atas pada tanggat 31 Maret 2009," lanjut pernyataan tersebut.

Ia mengatakan pihaknya menghargai tugas dan kewajiban ICW, namun menghimbau kepada pihak-pihak terkait untuk mempelajari permasalahan dan melakukan konfirmasi terlebih dahulu sebelum melansir data atau informasi agar tidak menimbulkan pemberitaan yang menyesatkan sehingga merugikan satu dan lain pihak. Pihaknya mengaku telah melakukan klarifikasi langsung kepada ICW dan menyampaikan hal tersebut pada Sabtu kemarin.
Selengkapnya...